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第5讲
名词性从句

[学习建议:第8、9天完成]

Part A [一目了然超级记忆]

问:历年高考名词性从句有哪些考点?

答: 名词性从句考点主要分为三大类:名词性从句的种类、名词性从句的语序与引导词、名词性从句的特殊用法。请看超级记忆导图:

Part B [妙思仁心考点详解]

Section 1:名词性从句的种类

问:主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句为什么叫名词性从句呢?

答: 我们都知道,一个单独的名词可以在句子中作主语、表语、宾语和同位语,例如:

1. China is my motherland. 中国是我的祖国。

(句中名词China是主语,名词短语my motherland是表语。)

2. I love China. 我爱中国。

(句中名词China是宾语。)

3. China,my motherland,has a long history. 我的祖国中国有着悠久的历史。

(句中名词短语 my motherland是China的同位语。)

以此类推,当我们用句子来充当这四大成分时,它们就分别叫作主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。同时,从词性的角度来看,这四种从句在整个句子里相当于名词的作用,所以我们把它们统称为名词性从句。

温馨提示: 所谓从句,就是将句子的某个成分用另一个句子替换。例如,在“I know you are right.”这句话中,可以看作是把句子“I know sth.”中的宾语sth.替换成了you are right这个句子。

Section 2:名词性从句的语序与引导词
高考考点一:名词性从句的语序

名词性从句的语序原则: 名词性从句的语序通常为陈述语序。

以上海卷真题为例:

您能告诉我怎么到机场吗?

Would you please tell me how I can get to the airport?(√)

Would you please tell me how can I get to the airport?(×)

温馨提示: 通常what's the matter、what's wrong、what's happened作名词性从句时,语序不需要变成陈述语序。

如:I want to know what's happened. 我想知道发生了什么事。

高考考点二:名词性从句的引导词

问:名词性从句主要有哪些引导词?

答: 名词性从句主要有三大类引导词,具体如下:

高考考点三:that在名词性从句中的省略与否

通常在宾语从句中,引导词that可以省略,但是在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中,引导词that不可以省略。 为避免出错,同学们最好在初学阶段都不要省略 。例如:

I believe (that)you have done your best.

我觉得你已经尽力了。(宾语从句中的that可以省略。)

That he should give up the job surprises all of us.

他竟然放弃了那份工作,这让我们都很惊讶。(主语从句中的That不可以省略。)

My advice is that you should rest more and drink more.

我的建议是你应该多休息,还要多喝水。(表语从句中的that不可以省略。)

His success was due to the fact that he had been working hard.

他的成功是因为他一直非常努力。(同位语从句中的that不可以省略。)

高考考点四:whether与if的特殊用法

whether与if在名词性从句中都表示“是否”的意思。但以下五种情况一般不用if,只用whether:

A. if通常不引导表语从句和同位语从句

例1:问题在于是否值得去尝试。

The question is whether it is worth trying. (√)

The question is if it is worth trying. (×)

例2:关于他是否应该加入队伍的问题,人们还没有决定。

The question whether he should join the team has not been decided. (√)

The question if he should join the team has not been decided. (×)

B. if引导主语从句时不位于句首

例:我们是否去野营取决于天气。

Whether we'll go camping depends on the weather. [全国卷] (√)

If we'll go camping depends on the weather. (×)

C. 介词+宾语从句,此时宾语从句的引导词不用if

例:那取决于我们是否能得到足够的钱。

That depends on whether we can get enough money. (√)

That depends on if we can get enough money. (×)

D. whether to do说法正确,但if to do说法错误

例:他不知道是现在就结婚还是再等等。

He doesn't know whether to get married now or to wait. (√)

He doesn't know if to get married now or to wait. (×)

E. “whether/if... or not”或whether or not都正确,但if or not是错误的

例:我不知道他是否会来。

I don't know whether/if he will come or not. (√)

I don't know whether or not he will come. (√)

I don't know if or not he will come. (×)

总结: 在名词性从句中,表示“是否”时,多用whether,少用if。

高考考点五:what的特殊用法

问:what除了表示“什么”之外,还有什么含义?

答: what除了表示“什么”之外,还可以表示“……的”,相当于“the thing that...”或“all that...”,在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等句子成分。

高考原句填空

一些人眼中的缺点是别人眼中的优点。

______ some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others. [ 北京卷 ]

温馨讲解: 【答案】 What

第一步识别考点:由句首填空和regard后缺宾语可初步判断该句考查名词性从句。

第二步运用技巧:该题空格前没有先行词,故该句不可能是定语从句。前面的句子成分不完整,仔细分析后发现该名词性从句缺宾语,且该从句在整句中作主语,即为主语从句。

第三步解出答案:再根据句意可知填入what,表示“……的”。

高考考点六:wh-ever和however的用法

问:wh-ever和no matter wh-有什么区别?

答: wh-ever可以引导两类从句:名词性从句和让步状语从句,其中在引导让步状语从句时,可以转换成no matter wh-,而no matter wh-不引导名词性从句,只引导状语从句。however一般只引导让步状语从句。

高考经典真题

Could I speak to ______ is in charge of International Sales,please? [ 山东卷 ]

A. anyone B. someone C. whoever D. no matter who

王牌技巧之三步解题法

第一步识别考点:由选项为引导词、代词以及题干中有两个谓语动词(speak和is)识别该题考点为名词性从句。

第二步运用技巧:解答名词性从句之 王牌技巧就是分析从句是否缺成分 ,该从句中is前缺主语,我们进一步分析发现,如果选A或B,该句就会缺引导词,所以排除A、B。在C和D中,no matter who只能引导让步状语从句,作状语。而此处是作介词to的宾语,为宾语从句,所以排除D。

第三步解出答案:由以上分析可知答案为C。

温馨提示: 注意whoever引导的整个名词性从句whoever is in charge of International Sales作介词to的宾语,同时whoever在名词性从句中作主语。

Section 3:名词性从句的特殊用法
高考考点一:it作形式主语和形式宾语

1. 当主语从句较长,而谓语较短时,我们常将主语从句后置,而用it作为形式主语,置于句首。例如:It is obvious that we should get well prepared for the future.(显而易见的是我们应该对未来做好充分的准备。)该句的语序还原后为“That we should get well prepared for the future is obvious.”。我们可以发现,还原后的主语太长,显得头重脚轻,因此我们习惯用形式主语it来代替真正的主语。由于这种用法比较常见,所以我们可以当作常用句型来记忆。以下四种句型搭配较为常见:

A. It + be + 形容词 + that从句

● It is important that... 重要的是……

● It is obvious that... 很明显……

● It is necessary that... 有必要……

B. It + be + 名词 + that从句

● It is a pity that... 可惜的是……

● It is a surprise that... 令人惊奇的是……

● It is a fact that... 事实是……

C. It + be +-ed分词 + that从句

● It is believed that... 人们相信……

● It is known to all that... 众所周知……

● It has been decided that... 大家已决定……

D. It + 不及物动词 + that从句

● It happens that... 碰巧……

● It occurred to me that... 我突然想起……

● It appears that... 似乎……

温馨提示:很多人经常把强调句和形式主语句型混淆。it作形式主语和it引导强调句的区别主要是,强调句型去掉“it is... that”结构后还能还原成一个完整句。详解见强调句章节(P32)。

2. 如果宾语从句后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,将从句后置。think、find、consider、believe、feel、make等动词后常带宾语+宾语补足语。例如:

高考考点二:表语从句的其他特殊引导词

问:表语从句除了常见的名词性从句的三类引导词外,还有哪些引导词?

答: 除了常见的名词性从句的三类引导词外,表语从句的引导词还有as if、as though,连词as 和 because 也可以引导表语从句。

经典例句

1. 看起来天要下雨了。

It looks as if it is going to rain.

2. 事情并不总是如其表象那样。

Things are not always as they seem to be.

问:this is why和this is because有什么区别?

答: this is why是指“这是……的原因”,而this is because是指“这是因为……”。

高考原句填空

From space,the earth looks blue. This is ______ about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water. [ 安徽卷 ]

温馨讲解: 【答案】 because

本题考查表语从句。句意:从太空看,地球看起来是蓝色的。这是因为其表面约71%是被水覆盖的。所以用because。

温馨对比:

地球表面约71%是被水覆盖的,这就是地球看起来是蓝色的原因。About seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water. This's why from space,the earth looks blue.

高考考点三:that引导同位语从句与定语从句时的区别

问:常接同位语从句的名词有哪些?

答: 常接同位语从句的名词如下表所示:

高考原句填空

One day,he came up with an idea ______ he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches. [ 广东卷 ]

温馨讲解: 【答案】 that

本题考查同位语从句,此处的“______ he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches”解释说明an idea的具体内容,且从句中不缺少成分,故为同位语从句,用that引导。

问:同位语从句和定语从句的主要区别是什么?

答: 二者主要区别在于由that引导的同位语从句是完整句,而that引导的定语从句是非完整句。

1. 老板同意加薪的消息是真的。

The news that our boss agreed to raise salary is true.

上句中that our boss agreed to raise salary为同位语从句,因为该从句不缺成分,是个完整句,that是引导词,只是起到了连接作用。our boss agreed to raise salary是解释说明The news的。

温馨对比:

2. 我从电视里听到的这个消息是真的。

The news that I heard from the TV is true.

本句中I heard后面缺宾语,实际上是I heard the news,所以that要在从句中作宾语,故该从句为定语从句。I heard from the TV是修饰The news的。

Part C [历年真题精讲精练]

Section 1:高考原句填空

1. When the news came _______ the war broke out,he decided to serve in the army. [ 辽宁卷 ]

2. _______ (他是否出过国,he,abroad)doesn't make much difference. [ 湖北卷 ]

3. It is difficult for us to imagine _______ life was like for slaves in the ancient world. [ 山东卷 ]

4. _______ makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer. [ 北京卷 ]

5. Do not let any failures discourage you,for you can never tell _______ close you may be to victory. [ 湖南卷 ]

6. _______ one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it. [ 江西卷 ]

7. Pick yourself up. Courage is doing _______ you're afraid to do. [ 福建卷 ]

8. It remains to be seen _______ the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice. [ 陕西卷 ]

9. Police have found _______ appears to be the lost ancient statue. [ 全国卷 ]

10. The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief ______ you are better than anyone else on the sports field. [ 浙江卷 ]

11. I am afraid he's more of a talker than a doer,which is ______ he never finishes anything. [ 山东卷 ]

12. We've offered her the job,but I don't know ______ she'll accept it. [ 山东卷 ]

13. It is by no means clear _______ the president can do to end the strike. [ 全国卷 ]

14. Experts believe _______ people can waste less food by shopping only when it is necessary. [ 北京卷 ]

15. _______ struck me most in the movie was the father's deep love for his son. [ 重庆卷 ]

16. I want to be liked and loved for _______ I am inside. [ 湖北卷 ]

17. Exactly _______ the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain,but it was probably around 1565. [ 全国卷 ]

18. The shocking news made me realize _______ terrible problems we would face. [ 北京卷 ]

Section 2:高考经典真题

1. The best moment for the football star was _______ he scored the winning goal. [ 北京卷 ]

A. where B. when C. how D. why

2. Some people believe _______ has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future. [ 北京卷 ]

A. whatever B. whenever C. wherever D. however

3. —I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays.

—That's _______ I don't agree. You should have a more active life. [ 江苏卷 ]

A. where B. how C. when D. what

4. _______ the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather. [ 陕西卷 ]

A. Why B. When C. That D. What

5. As John Lennon once said,life is _______ happens to you while you are busy making other plans. [ 湖南卷 ]

A. which B. that C. what D. where

6. —What a mess! You are always so lazy!

—I'm not to blame,Mum. I am _______ you have made me. [ 江苏卷 ]

A. how B. what C. that D. who

7. Grandma pointed to the hospital and said,“That's _______ I was born.” [ 四川卷 ]

A. when B. how C. why D. where

8. I think _______ impresses me about his painting is the colours he uses. [ 天津卷 ]

A. what B. that C. which D. who

9. “Every time you eat a sweet,drink green tea.” This is _______ my mother used to tell me. [ 浙江卷 ]

A. what B. how C. that D. whether

10. When changing lanes,a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers know _______. [ 上海卷 ]

A. he is entering which lane B. which lane he is entering C. is he entering which lane D. which lane is he entering

11. _______ you said at the meeting describes a bright future for the company. [ 四川卷 ]

A. When B. How C. What D. That

12. _______ I want to tell you is the deep love and respect I have for my parents. [ 天津卷 ]

A. That B. Which C. Whether D. What

13. As many as five courses are provided,and you are free to choose ______ suits you best. [ 陕西卷 ]

A. whatever B. whichever C. whenever D. wherever

14. Our teachers always tell us to believe in _______ we do and who we are if we want to succeed. [ 四川卷 ]

A. why B. how C. what D. which

15. Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach ______ to read fast. [ 辽宁卷 ]

A. what B. who C. how D. why

16. We haven't discussed yet ______ we are going to place our new furniture. [ 全国卷 ]

A. that B. which C. what D. where

17. How much one enjoys himself travelling depends largely on ______ he goes with,whether his friends or relatives. [ 四川卷 ]

A. what B. who C. how D. why

答案详解

Section 1

1. 解析: 考查同位语从句。句意:当战争爆发的消息传来时,他决定去部队服役。此处的“______ the war broke out”解释说明the news的具体内容,且从句中不缺少成分,故为同位语从句,用that引导。注意本句属于间隔式同位语从句,也就是同位语从句没有紧跟在the news之后,而是被谓语came隔开了。

2. 解析: 考查whether引导主语从句。根据句意可知答案为Whether he has been abroad (or not)。

3. 解析: 考查宾语从句。动词imagine后面有一个宾语从句what life was like for slaves in the ancient world,此处what在宾语从句中作宾语。句意:我们很难想象古代奴隶的生活是什么样的。

4. 解析: 考查主语从句。此题题干部分中的is为系动词,the creative imagination of the writer为表语,故is之前为主语从句。从句中缺少表示物的主语,故填What。句意:使得这本书如此不同寻常的是作者富有创造性的想象力。

5. 解析: 考查宾语从句。动词tell之后为宾语从句,应用程度副词how修饰形容词close。

6. 解析: 考查名词性从句。主句谓语为will have to pay。句意:无论你们之中哪个人弄坏窗子,都得赔偿。此处可填入Whichever“无论哪一个”。

7. 解析: 考查宾语从句。what在句中充当引导词,同时也是动词doing的宾语。句意:振作起来。勇气就是去做你不敢做的事情。

8. 解析: 考查主语从句。题干中It作形式主语,真正的主语为空格后的主语从句。主语从句中不缺少主干成分,再根据句意,“有待观察”的事情应是不确定的事,判断不是表示陈述,即此处不能用表示陈述的that,而应填入whether或if,表示“是否”。

9. 解析: 考查宾语从句。动词found后所接为宾语从句,从句中缺少表示物的主语,故填入what。

10. 解析: 考查同位语从句。此处belief后所接的从句对其内容进行解释说明,故为同位语从句,且从句中不缺少成分,故答案为that。

11. 解析: 考查表语从句。句意:恐怕他更像是一个能说会道的人,而不是实干的人,这就是他一事无成的原因。which引导一个非限定性定语从句,该从句中含有一个表语从句,且从句中不缺少主干成分,根据句意可知此处应填入why,表示原因。

12. 解析: 考查宾语从句。根据句意“我们给她提供了这份工作,但我不知道她是否会接受”可知此处应填入whether或if,表示“是否”。

13. 解析: 考查主语从句。此处It是形式主语,do在句中缺少宾语。判断此处应该填入what来引导主语从句,作真正的主语,同时what也作do的宾语。句意:总统采取什么行动来结束这次罢工还一点都不清楚。

14. 解析: 考查宾语从句。动词believe之后为宾语从句,从句陈述一个事实,不缺少成分,故使用that引导。

15. 解析: 考查主语从句。主句是系表结构,was之前为主语从句;主语从句谓语struck之前缺少主语,所以答案为What,表示“……的”。

16. 解析: 考查宾语从句。根据句意“我希望别人喜欢我和爱我是因为我的内在品质”,此处应填入what,作介词for的宾语,what I am inside是指“我的内在品质”。

17. 解析: 考查主语从句。根据后半句中的it was probably around 1565可知本句谈论的是时间,所以答案为when。

18. 解析: 结合句意可知,此处考查宾语从句,由what引导,修饰名词,所以答案为what。句意:这个惊人的消息使我意识到我们将面临多么严重的问题。注意此题同学们容易误以为空格处修饰terrible而填how,但其实此处中心词是problems。

Section 2

1. 解析: 本题考查名词性从句中的表语从句。句意:对这位足球明星来说,最好的时刻就是他射入制胜球的时候。where表示地点,how表示方式,why表示原因,只有when表示的是时间。所以选B。

2. 解析: 本题考查的是“特殊疑问词+ ever”引导的主语从句。句意:一些人认为之前发生的或现在正在发生的任何事情在将来都会重复发生。whatever has happened before or is happening now是一个主语从句,whatever既引导这个主语从句,也在从句中作主语。B、C、D三项都属于副词的性质,通常只能作状语。所以答案选A。

3. 解析: 本题考查名词性从句中的表语从句。agree 是不及物动词,不能直接接宾语,所以只能用where作状语来引导表语从句,表示“这就是我不同意的地方”,所以答案为A。

4. 解析: 本题考查主语从句。the delayed flight will take off结构完整,所以不选D。再根据句意“被延误的航班何时起飞要取决于天气状况”可知B项为最佳答案。

5. 解析: 本题考查的是名词性从句中的表语从句。is后的表语从句中缺少主语,所以要用what来引导,what在从句中作主语。B、D在名词性从句中不作主语。which在名词性从句中表示“哪一个”,不符合此处句意。句意:正如约翰·列侬曾经说过的,生活就是当你忙于制订其他计划时发生在你身上的事情。故C正确。

6. 解析: 本题考查的是名词性从句中的表语从句。表语从句通常都是在系动词be的后面,说明主语的情况。句意:——真乱啊!你总是这么懒!——我不应该受到责备,妈妈。是你让我成为这样子的。分析句子可知此处结构不完整。对比四个选项,how在句中作状语;that在表语从句中不能作成分;who指人,通常作主语。此处表达的是“……的样子”,故B正确。

7. 解析: 本句考查名词性从句中的表语从句。when通常指时间;how指方式;why表示原因;where指地点。本句中的关键词是the hospital,表示的是地点。句意:奶奶指着那个医院说:“那就是我出生的地方。”故D正确。

8. 解析: 考查主语从句。分析句子结构,I think后的内容是think的宾语从句,该宾语从句中含有一个主语从句,impresses在从句中作谓语,所以空格处缺主语,what可以引导主语从句,又可以在从句中作主语,所以选A。that在名词性从句中不充当成分;which指特定范围之内的“哪一个”;who通常指人。

9. 解析: 本题考查名词性从句中的表语从句。系动词is后为表语从句,根据tell sb. sth.可知表语从句缺宾语。C、D两项在从句中不充当任何成分,只是引导词而已。how作状语,与题意不相符。what既是这个从句的引导词,也在从句里充当动词tell的宾语,所以A项正确。

10. 解析: 考查宾语从句。which引导的句子作know的宾语,宾语从句的语序要用陈述语序,所以答案选B。

11. 解析: 考查主语从句。此句谓语动词为describes,前面的部分为主语从句。主语从句中缺少谓语said的宾语,故选用what作said的宾语并引导主语从句,所以答案为C。that在名词性从句中不作成分,只起连接作用;when和how为副词,不能作主干成分,均可排除。

12. 解析: 考查名词性从句。整个主句的谓语为is,主语为主语从句,根据tell sb. sth.可知,主语从句中缺少动词tell的直接宾语,指事物,故填入what,所以答案为D。which意为“哪一个”,that和whether均不作成分,三项都不符合题意,均可排除。

13. 解析: 考查名词性从句。所填引导词在从句中作主语,所以排除C和D。根据上文中提到的five courses和suits,对比A和B可知,B项更贴合题意。

14. 解析: 考查宾语从句,介词in之后所接的宾语从句中缺少及物动词do的宾语,指事物,故填what,所以选C。

15. 解析: 根据句子结构可知,teach后接的宾语成分中缺少表示方式的连接词,故how正确。此处为“连接词+ to do”结构。

16. 解析: 空格在动词discussed的后面,可知此处考查宾语从句,根据句意“我们还没有讨论把我们的新家具放在哪里”可知,在宾语从句中缺少地点状语,因此选D。

17. 解析: 根据句末的whether his friends or relatives可知应是指和谁去,故选B。句意:一个人在旅行时玩得多开心很大程度上取决于他和谁去旅行,无论是他的朋友还是亲戚。 Onn9ksbUpaHPooIiIZARLXKc7bTS7p+ZJBLm5jeEM8rudWhZYgBAWD3G1sna5t0y

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