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1. How can a character in a novel be both a hero and an outlaw at the same time?
2. Why might an author choose to include both realistic and magical elements in a story?
3. Water Margin (Heroes of the Marsh) is based on the theme of fighting injustice. Do you know any other stories with a similar theme?
Any discussion on classic Chinese literature needs to mention the masterpiece, Water Margin (Heroes of the Marsh), also known as Outlaws of the Marsh. You might be wondering about the variations in its title, and we're here to explore why that is. This captivating tale, originally titled Shuihu Zhuan, translates to Water Margin, Water Margin Chronicles or Heroes of the Marsh, highlighting its rich narrative. We'll uncover the fascinating stories of rebellion, brotherhood , and the fight against corruption, all set against the backdrop of ancient China. Join us as we delve into the origins, characters, and enduring legacy of this remarkable work.
M at Welcome back to another episode of China Lifestyle Journeys ! Today, we're looking at the Chinese literary masterpiece Water Margin (Heroes of the Marsh) , sometimes referred to as Outlaws of the Marsh . As is often the case with translated titles, there are variations, but let's start with the title itself.
J ocelyn Yes, Mat, as we know from many other episodes, translation can often be a little bit confusing. So, let's start with the original Chinese title of this captivating tale, Shuihu Zhuan, which can be translated as Water Margin, Water Margin Chronicles or Heroes of the Marsh . Translating these titles into English can present challenges. The story revolves around a group of characters who have retreated to the “margins” of society, often near water, to rebel against corruption and injustice. So in one sense, the characters are heroes, but because they are fighting against the corrupt authorities , we can also use the English word “outlaws.” So that's why, when you look for an English translation of this book, you'll find different variations on the title, Heroes of the Marsh, Outlaws of the Marsh , and Water Margin .
M at That's interesting, and it reminds me of something. You mentioned that the title translation is both “heroes” and “outlaws”—that makes perfect sense to me. We have a very famous folktale in English; I'm sure you've heard of it, Robin Hood . This famous character, Robin Hood, is considered both an outlaw and a hero in English folklore because he broke unfair laws to fight corruption and help the poor, displaying ideas of justice and fighting against corrupt officials. So, I can see why the title can be translated as both “heroes” and “outlaws” in English. So let's get back to the story—who wrote it and what's it about?
J ocelyn Water Margin (Heroes of the Marsh or, as you like to call it, Outlaws of the Marsh ) was written by Shi Nai'an, a Chinese writer during the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties, around the 14th century. This legendary work's significance goes beyond just being a story; it's a cultural treasure. It combines action, adventure, and moral dilemmas, often describing the fight against corruption. The novel introduces readers to a diverse group of 108 characters, each with their distinct stories, backgrounds, and skills. The book portrays a fascinating blend of loyalty, brotherhood, and resistance against tyranny.
M at A story with 108 characters—doesn't that get a bit confusing? How do you know who is who? Don't you get them all mixed up?
J ocelyn That's a fair question, Mat. With a cast as large as 108 characters, it might seem overwhelming, but the novel does a clever job of introducing each character one by one and highlighting their special and unique qualities and backstories. They each have their own unique traits, personalities, and backgrounds that set them apart from all the others. And they often have descriptive names that give hints about their characteristics or roles. For example, you might have a character named “Quick Hands” if they're known for their agility, or “Iron Fist” if they're a strong fighter. These distinct features and names help readers differentiate them, and over time, you become familiar with their stories and roles in the plot. While it might be a challenge at the start, it's like getting to know a big group of friends over time.
M at So, we have all these individual characters fighting against injustice. Are there any fantasy themes , magical elements, or supernatural twists in Water Margin (Heroes of the Marsh) ?
J ocelyn To some degree, yes. Although most of the story focuses on the themes of resistance against corruption, brotherhood and bonding, bravery, camaraderie, and freedom, there are some magical elements. At various points in the story, the author introduces elements of magic and mysticism. Some of the outlaw heroes are sorcerers , wizards, or have magical abilities like super strength. One hero, Lu Zhishen, is a heroic figure known for his great strength and chivalry. There are also some mythical elements. The outlaws encounter fierce beasts and characters with remarkable skills in their journeys. For example, they face powerful tigers and interact with figures who have extraordinary abilities. So, while most of the story is grounded in realism, the author uses supernatural and mystical touches to add a legendary, epic flair to the story and emphasise the heroism and bravery of the characters.
M at I think there's another connection to Robin Hood here. While the historical Robin Hood was a skilled archer and fighter, English folklore also often portrays him and his band of heroes engaging with magical and mythical elements. In some versions of the legend, Robin Hood encounters faeries, witches, wizards, and sorcerers.
J ocelyn Yes, that's just like in Water Margin (Heroes of the Marsh) . This merging of reality and magic adds a captivating layer to the story, showcasing how these legendary figures are quite special and become symbols of heroism, able to fight against all kinds of enemies, both human and mystical.
Look at the mind map below and try to introduce Water Margin (Heroes of the Marsh) in English.
outlaw 草寇，逃犯
An “outlaw” is someone who breaks the law and is hunted by the authorities. In Water Margin (Heroes of the Marsh) , the 108 heroes are considered outlaws, but they are seen as champions of justice by the common people.
chronicle 编年史
A “chronicle” is a type of writing that records historical events in the order they happened.
brotherhood 兄弟情义
“Brotherhood” is a strong bond of friendship and loyalty among the heroes of Mount Liang. This sense of unity drives their actions and helps them face their challenges together.
corrupt authority 腐败官僚
“Corrupt authorities” are government officials who use their power for personal gain instead of helping the people. In Water Margin (Heroes of the Marsh) , the heroes rise up to challenge these corrupt officials, making this a central conflict in the story.
fantasy theme 奇幻主题
A “fantasy theme” is an idea in a story that includes magic, mythical creatures, or imaginary worlds. In Water Margin (Heroes of the Marsh) , some parts of the story include magical events and creatures.
supernatural twist 超自然转折
A “supernatural twist” is when an unexpected, otherworldly event changes the direction of the story. Water Margin (Heroes of the Marsh) rarely uses this, but sometimes mysterious events add tension and excitement to the plot.
sorcerer 巫师
A “sorcerer” is someone who can use magic. In Water Margin (Heroes of the Marsh) , some characters have magical powers that make them stronger in fights.
Mount Liang 梁山
“Mount Liang” is the stronghold where the 108 heroes gather in Water Margin (Heroes of the Marsh) . It becomes a symbol of brotherhood, justice, and rebellion against corrupt officials.
oath of loyalty 结义誓言
The “oath of loyalty” is a promise made by the heroes to support and protect each other. This oath strengthens their bond and their resolve to fight against injustice.
tragic hero 悲剧英雄
A “tragic hero” is a character whose greatness leads to their downfall. Several heroes in Water Margin (Heroes of the Marsh) fit this description, as their bravery often leads to personal tragedy.
bandit 强盗
A “bandit” is someone who attacks and steals from others, often in a group. In Water Margin (Heroes of the Marsh) , the 108 heroes are sometimes called bandits, but they fight for justice and the common people, not for personal gain.
heroism 英雄主义
“Heroism” is the qualities of being brave, noble, and selfless in the face of danger. The characters in Water Margin (Heroes of the Marsh) display heroism as they fight for justice and protect the weak.
chieftain 头领
A “chieftain” is the leader of a group or tribe. In Water Margin (Heroes of the Marsh) , the heroes are led by a chieftain who helps guide them in their fight against corrupt authorities.
legendary figure 传奇人物
A “legendary figure” is someone who is famous for their extraordinary achievements or qualities. The heroes in Water Margin (Heroes of the Marsh) are often seen as legendary figures, admired for their bravery and honour.
treachery 背信弃义
“Treachery” means betrayal or disloyalty, often by someone who is trusted. Some characters in Water Margin (Heroes of the Marsh) experience treachery as they face betrayal.
peasant uprising 农民起义
The rebellion in Water Margin (Heroes of the Marsh) can be seen as a “peasant uprising,” where common people rise against corrupt rulers, highlighting the struggle between social classes.
karma 因果报应
“Karma,” the idea that actions have consequences, is a recurring theme in Water Margin (Heroes of the Marsh) . Characters who commit good or bad deeds often face corresponding fates, reinforcing moral lessons.
For multiple-choice questions, choose the right answer. For all the other questions, write short answers below.
1. What technique does the book use to help the reader remember each character?
a) Each character is numbered from 1–108.
b) Their names give clues about their personalities.
c) They have magical names and powers.
d) All of them have backstories.
2. List THREE characters from the book mentioned in the text.
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3. Which is the best summary of the book?
a) A magical supernatural journey.
b) A tale of wizards and witches.
c) A history of royal families.
d) A group of heroes fighting for justice.
4. According to the text, which creatures are featured in the story?
a) Tigers, wizards, and fairies.
b) Dragons, witches, and fox-spirits.
c) Monsters, dragons, and demigods.
d) Sorcerers, monsters, and tigers.
5. Why does Mat think the story is similar to Robin Hood ?
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