购买
下载掌阅APP,畅读海量书库
立即打开
畅读海量书库
扫码下载掌阅APP

阅读解析

21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for___________.【普通细节题】

22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that are supposed to be___________.【 推断题】

23. According to the researchers from Ohio University, after surprise departure, the firm is likely to___________.【某人态度题】

24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ___________.【推断题】

25. The author’s attitude toward the role of is___________.【作者态度题】

[A] permissive

[B] positive

[C] scornful

[D] critical

25题虽然考查主旨,但选项都是态度词,无法提取与主旨相关的内容,所以本篇只需要读五项【21—25 题的五个题干】。

主旨【主旨词:outside directors(外部董事);方向:未知】。

其他信息:

1. 22、24和25题题干重复出现“outside directors(外部董事)”,23题题干出现“an outside director”,一个具体的外部董事,说明本篇谈论内容与“外部董事”有关,“outside directors”是文章主旨词。

2. 23 题谈及研究者们的研究结果,作者往往借研究支撑自己的观点,研究结果往往和主旨沾边。同时,题干细节涉及具体的“an outside director(一个外部董事)”,部分和整体保持一致,进一步说明该研究结果和主旨沾边。is likely to表示“可能”,出现在题干中,可能是限定词(原文出题句有“可能”的相关表述),也可能暗示本题需逻辑推理,相当于推断题(原文出题句无“可能”的相关表述)。

3. 24 题属于推断题中的推细节类型,限定出题范围是最后一段。细节“outside directors”是主旨词,所以本题同样和主旨沾边。

4. 25 题考查作者对主旨词“outside directors”的态度,也就是考查主旨。

Ⅰ① Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000; a year later she became president of Brown University. ②For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism. ③ But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? ④By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. ⑤The position was just taking up too much time, she said.

21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for___________. 根据第1段,西蒙斯女士受到批评的原因是___________。

[A] gaining excessive profits 获得过高的收益

[B] failing to fulfill her duty 未能履行她的职责

[C] refusing to make compromises 拒绝作出让步

[D] leaving the board in tough times在困难时期离开董事会

【普通细节题】

第一步,分析题干

题干问西蒙斯女士受到批评的原因。根据谓语动词 was criticized 判断,时间是过去,介词短语“for...”作原因状语。

第二步,选项求同求异

求同:doing sth.。

求异:见选项下划线部分。

方法:精准定位【普通细节题(细节所在本句,防并列)】+选项比错

本题是第一道题,优先在第1段进行 S 形定位,发现第1段每句都有 Simmons,那么只能根据题干另一细节“was criticized(受到批评)”去缩小范围。criticism出现在第 2 句,但本句she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism(她显然兼顾了双重身份,且没有招致太多批评)句意上并未回答题干所问“Ms. Simmons受到批评的原因”。继续往后看,第3句的 was under fire(受到严厉批评;遭到猛烈批判)与题干中的“受到批评”一致,缩小范围在第3句:But... Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; ... pass unremarked?(但到了2009年底,她却因在高盛薪酬委员会任职一事而受到严厉批评;她怎么能让那些巨额奖金支出毫无察觉地就通过了呢?)本句句意回答题干所问“Ms. Simmons受到批评的原因”,就是出题句。

思路一:

本句谈到的“Ms. Simmons was under fire(西蒙斯女士受到批评)”的原因“for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee(因在高盛薪酬委员会任职一事)”与“题干(for)+ 选项共性(doing sth.)”构成的原因状语完全一致,所以本部分就是精准定位后回答题干所问的内容。思维不发散,不联想,在公司任职可能出现的只有两种情况:“工作干得好”和“工作干得不好”。既然受到批评了,只能是“工作干得不好”。根据该信息对四个选项进行比错,与之表述最直接一致的只有[B] failing to fulfill her duty(未能履行她的职责),选项 [A][C][D]均与之不沾边,所以最佳答案选 [B]。

思路二:

出题句由分号连接两个分句,二者方向一致。若根据“for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee”比出最佳选项有困难,可继续看分号后的疑问句。该疑问句暗示西蒙斯在任职于高盛薪酬委员会期间,未能察觉或阻止 巨额奖金的异常发放,进一步揭示具体触发批评的事件,是“被批评”的 具体原因补充。即西蒙斯被严厉批评的具体原因是她在 巨额奖金支出一事上的失职行为。根据该信息对选项比错:[A]“gaining excessive profits(获得过高的收益)”与原文句意“让巨额奖金毫无察觉地就通过了”不一致,可排除;[B]“failing to fulfill her duty(未能履行她的职责)”与以上分析“在 巨额奖金支出一事上的失职行为”句意一致,先保留;[C]的“compromises(妥协;让步)”和[D]的“the board(董事会)”出题句均未提到,可排除。根据答案的唯一性,本题最佳答案为[B]。

思路三:

如果不清楚“be under fire”表示“受到严厉批评;遭到猛烈批判”,只根据“criticism”定位到了第 2 句:For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism.(在此后九年时间里,她显然兼顾了双重身份,且没有招致太多批评)。句意虽然没有直接谈论“受到批评的原因”,但本句暗示“批评”和“担任角色”之间存在关联,所以也可根据本句解题。既然受到了批评,说明“担任角色”一事上存在问题。根据该信息对选项进行比错,四个选项中只有 [B]“failing to fulfill her duty(未能履行她的职责)”与“在担任角色一事上存在问题”最表面、最直接一致,出错概率最小,最佳答案选[B]。

Ⅱ ① Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. ② Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. ③If the sky, and the share price, is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be___________. 我们从第2段可以推断出,外部董事应该是___________。

[A] generous investors 慷慨的投资人

[B] unbiased executives 公正的管理人

[C] share price forecasters 股价的预测者

[D] independent advisers 独立的顾问

【推断题】

第一步,分析题干

本题属于推断题中的推细节类型,细节为“outside directors”,题干限定出题范围是第2段。

第二步,选项求同求异

求同:都表示是某种人;语义上[A][B][D]均表示“好”的方向。

求异:见选项下划线部分。

由于四个选项中的investors、executives、forecasters和advisers的意思差异很大,所以定位时可优先关注出题句是否有该部分内容。若四个选项中的investors、executives、forecasters和advisers中只有一个与出题句沾边,根据必要性思维,该选项就是最佳答案;当有多个与出题句沾边时,再考虑前面的修饰词generous、unbiased、share price和independent 是否与出题句一致,从而得出最佳答案。

方法:精准定位【推断题—推细节(细节所在本句,防并列)】+选项比错

在第2段进行S形定位。细节“outside directors”首次出现在第1句,且第2句的“their”和“they”都指代outside directors,第3句再次出现outside directors。同时,第1句的“Outside directors are supposed to…”和第3句的“outside directors should…”与题干的“outside directors are supposed to…”一致,所以先将出题范围缩小至与题干结构一致的第1句和第3句。第1句:“Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board.(外部董事在公司董事会中理应充当有帮助且较公正的顾问角色。)”句意回答题干所问,即外部董事理应充当“advisers(顾问)”,根据该信息对选项进行比错分析,[A][B] [C]均与出题句信息不沾边,而[D]的“advisers(顾问)”与文中一致。第3句:“…outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.(……外部董事应能够凭借自身曾渡过危机的经验向公司提供建议。)”句意同样回答题干所问,且根据该信息对选项进行比错分析后,仍只有选项[D]的“advisers(顾问)”与以上出题句中的“give advice”沾边,选项[A][B][C]均与出题句不沾边。综上,只有选项[D]中的advisers与两个出题句都沾边。根据必要性思维,[D]选项就是最佳答案。

若想进一步验证[D]中修饰词independent是否正确,可继续看第2段第2句。该句提到“they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals.(他们想必足够独立,敢于质疑首席执行官的提议)”,明确表示外部董事是独立的,所以[D]选项就是最佳答案。

Ⅲ ①The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. ②Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. ③The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those“surprise”disappearances by directors under the age of 70. ④ They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increases by nearly 20%. ⑤The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. ⑥The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. ⑦Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. ⑧Often they“trade up”, leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.

23. According to the researchers from Ohio University, after an outside director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to___________. 俄亥俄大学的研究者认为,在外部董事突然离职之后,该公司可能会___________。

[A] become more stable 变得更加稳定

[B] report increased earnings 报告收益增长

[C] do less well in the stock marke t 在股市中表现更差

[D] perform worse in lawsuits 在诉讼中表现得更糟糕

【某人态度题】

第一步,分析题干

本题考查研究者们的研究结果,而作者往往借研究来支撑自己的观点,研究结果往往和主旨沾边。surprise departure(突然离职),暗示为“不好”的方向,如果外部董事在公司发挥积极正面的作用,则外部董事突然离职后,可能给公司带来不好的影响;如果外部董事在公司发挥消极负面的作用,则外部董事突然离职后,可能给公司带来好的影响。is likely to表示“可能”,出现在题干中,可能是限定词(原文出题句有“可能”的相关表述),也可能暗示本题需逻辑推理,相当于推断题(原文出题句无“可能”的相关表述)。22题在第2段出题,24题在最后一段(第4段)出题,所以本题出题范围可优先锁定在第3段。

第二步,选项求同求异

求同:结构上题干结合选项均为一个句子;语义上[A][B]均表示“好”的方向,[C][D]均表示“不好”的方向。

求异:见选项下划线部分。

方法:精准定位【某人态度题(人+说法+细节,防并列)】+选项比错

根据题干分析,先在第3段进行 S 形定位。本段第1句出现“The researchers from Ohio University”,但 第 1 句(The researchers... used a database...)、第 2 句(Then they simply checked...)和 第 3 句(...so the researchers concentrated on...)都是研究过程,而非研究结论,所以不是出题句。第4句出现“人(they,指代 the researchers)+ 说法(found)+ 细节(after a surprise departure, the probability that the company...)”,第5句同样有“The likelihood...”和“is likely to...”,所以第 4、5 句才是出题句,同时说明题干“is likely to”属于限定词。第4句为“They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increases by nearly 20%.(他们发现,在董事突然离职后,公司随后不得不重述收益的可能性增加了近 20%。)”;第5句为“The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse.(公司卷入联邦集体诉讼案件的可能性也随之增加,且公司股票也可能表现得更糟糕。)”。根据以上两句信息对选项进行比错。[A]“become more stable”虽无具体内容,但此处为比较级,增加了出错概率,且以上两个出题句均未谈及[A]选项中的内容,可排除;[B] 的earnings、[C]的 the stock market 和 [D]的 lawsuits 都与出题句沾边,需根据句意进一步比错:[B]“report increased earnings(报告收益增长)”与原文“the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increases(公司随后不得不重述收益的可能性增加了)”不一致,原文主干是“the probability increased(可能性增加了)”,而非“increased earnings(收益增长)”,所以排除[B];[C]“do less well in the stock market(在股市中表现更差)”与原文“the stock is likely to perform worse(股票也可能表现得更糟糕)”都含比较级,句意也一致,保留;[D]“perform worse in lawsuits(在诉讼中表现得更糟糕)”与原文“The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases(公司卷入联邦集体诉讼案件的可能性也随之增加)”句意不一致,所以排除[D]。综上,只有[C]与出题句的句意一致,所以最佳答案为[C]。

Ⅳ①But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. ②Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. ③Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors___________. 从文中最后一段可以推断出,外部董事___________。

[A] may stay for the attractive offers from the firm 可能会因为公司提供的丰厚待遇而留下

[B] have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm在公司经常有决策错误的记录

[C] are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm习惯于公司里毫无压力的工作

[D] will decline incentives from the firm 将会拒绝公司的激励

【推断题】

第一步,分析题干

本题属于推断题中的推细节类型,细节为“outside directors”,题干限定出题范围是最后一段。

第二步,选项求同求异

求同:题干结合选项均为一个句子;语义上,四个选项均含 the firm,所以出题句一定包含 the firm。[A] 和[D]互为相反选项,且 [A] 的“the attractive offers(丰厚待遇)”和 [D] 的“incentives(激励)”意思接近;[B]和[C]均表示“不好”的方向。

求异:见选项下划线部分。

方法一:选项的固有缺陷

首先,[A]的“the attractive offers(丰厚待遇)”和 [D] 的“incentives(激励)”意思接近,两个选项部分内容相似。其次,本题是推断题,选项含有“可能”的意思,出错概率较小,而情态动词的共性是“推测可能性语气”,所以含有情态动词的选项[A][D]([A] 中的 may 和 [D] 中的 will)出错概率较小。预判答案在[A][D]中。

方法二:精准定位【推断题—推细节(细节所在本句,防并列)+选项比错

题干细节“outside directors”是主旨词,不好定位,但我们已经根据“方法一”预判答案在 [A][D] 中,且 [A] 的“the attractive offers(丰厚待遇)”和 [D] 的“incentives(激励)”意思接近,高效的做法是先在题干限定的最后一段找 the attractive offers 和 incentives,验证 [A][D],若[A][D]有错误点,再判断[B][C]。incentives出现在第 2 句,且本句包含四个选项共同谈论的内容the firm,所以出题句范围可缩小在本句:Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives.(想要在困难时期留住外部董事的公司可能不得不创造一些激励措施。)本句表明:外部董事对公司具有关键作用,尤其是困难时期;而且若公司处于困难时期,采取激励措施是留住外部董事的必要条件,且隐含“激励可能有效”的假设。根据该信息对选项 [A][D] 进行比错:选项[A]“may stay for the attractive offers from the firm(可能会因为公司提供的丰厚待遇而留下)”与原文沾边,既然“公司在困难时期想留住外部董事就有必要采取激励措施”,说明有了激励(如丰厚待遇)后,外部董事可能会留下,所以先保留[A];[D]“will decline incentives from the firm(将会拒绝公司的激励)”,原文并未提及,原文第2句仅表明公司为留住外部董事需主动 创造激励措施的必要性,但并未涉及外部董事对这些激励措施的 接受态度或行为反应,且若外部董事拒绝激励,说明公司在困难时期不管给不给激励,外部董事都将离开,表明提供激励措施没有意义,与原文逻辑“采取激励措施是留住外部董事的必要条件”不符。可排除,所以最佳答案为 [A]。

25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is___________. 作者对外部董事的作用所持的态度是___________。

[A] permissive 放任的

[B] positive 肯定的

[C] scornful 蔑视的

[D] critical批评的

【作者态度题】

第一步,分析题干

本题属于作者态度题,介词短语“toward the role of outside directors”作后置定语修饰 attitude, 考查作者对细节“the role of outside directors(外部董事的作用)”的态度,而细节又包含主旨词,所以本题也考查主旨。

第二步,选项求同求异

求同:结构上,都是表态度的形容词;语义上,[A][C][D]表示“负向”,[B]表示“正向”。

求异:选项只有一个表示态度的形容词,且意思差异很大。

方法:前后题的固有缺陷+选项比错

outside directors 是主旨词,全文多处提及,而文章是作者所写,所以文中只要体现作者对 outside directors 态度的句子,都能回答题干所问。结合 24 题出题句“Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives.(想要在困难时期留住外部董事的公司可能不得不创造一些激励措施。)”,既然公司在困难时期想要留住外部董事可能不得不创造一些激励措施,说明在作者看来,外部董事对公司的作用是积极正向的。23题涉及研究,研究结果为“在董事突然离职后,公司随后不得不重述收益的可能性增加了近 20%;公司卷入联邦集体诉讼案件的可能性也随之增加,且公司股票也可能表现得更糟糕”,该研究结果同样表明外部董事对公司的作用是积极正向的。22题题干结合选项共性表明外部董事应扮演积极正向的角色。以上题目都能表明作者对外部董事的作用持正向态度,据此对四个选项进行比错分析,只有 [B]“positive(肯定的)”表示“正向”的态度,所以最佳答案选[B]。 i8KVFFKiPTzXzO+SKQZxWerFsv8CJf//AJ0gCgCSfAEwds6VGuq2pKPpwo1NCtTL

点击中间区域
呼出菜单
上一章
目录
下一章
×