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1. Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law.

词汇

regard A as B 把 A 看作 B

jury ['dʒʊəri] n. 陪审团；裁判委员会

system ['sɪstəm] n. 制度，体系；系统

concrete ['kɒŋkriːt] a. 具体的；有形的；混凝土制的

expression [ɪk'spreʃn] n. 表达；措辞；表情

crucial ['kruːʃl] a. 关键性的；至关重要的

democratic [ˌdemə'krætɪk] a. 民主的；民主管理的；平等的

value ['væljuː] n. 价值观；价值；积极作用

include [ɪn'kluːd] v. 包括；使成为……的一部分

including [ɪn'kluːdɪŋ] prep. 包括

principle ['prɪnsəpl] n. 原则；信条；规范

citizen ['sɪtɪzn] n. 公民；市民

meet [miːt] v. 满足；遇见；开会

minimal ['mɪnɪməl] a. 最小的；极小的；极少的

qualification [ˌkwɒlɪfɪ'keɪʃn] n. 资格；合格；限定条件

age [eɪdʒ] n. 年龄；时代

literacy ['lɪtərəsi] n. 读写能力

equally ['iːkwəli] ad. 平等地；相等地；也

be competent to 有能力做

serve [sɜːv] v. （为……）工作；提供；服务

juror ['dʒʊərə(r)] n. 陪审员

select [sɪ'lekt] v. 选拔，挑选

randomly ['rændəmli] ad. 随机地

representative [ˌreprɪ'zentətɪv] a. 典型的；代议制的 n. 代表，代理人

cross section 典型的一群人（或事物）；横截面

community [kə'mjuːnəti] n. 社区；社会；团体

deny [dɪ'naɪ] v. 拒绝给予；否认；拒绝承认

right [raɪt] n. 权利；右边 a. 正确的；右边的

on account of 由于，因为

race [reɪs] n. 种族；赛跑；竞争

religion [rɪ'lɪdʒən] n. 宗教；宗教信仰

sex [seks] n. 性别；性

national ['næʃnəl] a. 民族的；国家的；国有的

origin ['ɒrɪdʒɪn] n. 出身；起源

defendant [dɪ'fendənt] n. 被告，被告人

be entitled to 有权利做某事

trial ['traɪəl] n. 审判；试验

peer [pɪə] n. 身份（或地位）相同的人；同辈

verdict ['vɜːdɪkt] n. 裁决；结论

represent [ˌreprɪ'zent] v. 体现；代表

conscience ['kɒnʃəns] n. 良心；内疚

community [kə'mjuːnəti] n. 社区；社会；界

letter ['letə] n. 字母；信

law [lɔː] n. 法律；法学；规律

the letter of the law 法律（或法规）的准确字面意义

2. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy.

词汇

survive [sə'vaɪv] v. 存活；幸存；比……活得久

direct [də'rekt] a. 直接的；笔直的；坦率的

rather than 而不是

democracy [dɪ'mɒkrəsi] n. 民主政体；民主国家

3. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.

词汇

take turns 轮流做某事

govern ['ɡʌvn] v. 管理；控制

elect [ɪ'lekt] v. 选举；决定

4. But as recently as in 1968, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals.

词汇

recently ['riːsntli] ad. 最近；不久前

selection [sɪ'lekʃn] n. 选拔；入选者；可供选择的事物

procedure [prə'siːdʒə(r)] n. 程序；步骤

conflict ['kɒnflɪkt] v. 冲突，抵触

democratic [ˌdemə'krætɪk] a. 民主的；民主管理的；平等的

ideal [aɪ'diːəl] n. 理想；完美的人（或事物）

5. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character.

词汇

state [steɪt] n. 州；状态；国家；政府

duty ['djuːti] n. 职责；税；义务

limit ['lɪmɪt] v. 限制；限量

supposedly [sə'pəʊzɪdli] ad. 据说，据传

superior [suː'pɪəriə(r)] a. 更好的；占优势的；更高的

intelligence [ɪn'telɪdʒəns] n. 智力；情报

education [ˌedʒu'keɪʃ(ə)n] n. 教育；培养；训练

moral ['mɒrəl] a. 道德的；道义上的

character ['kærəktə] n. 品质，性格；特点

6. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia , the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.

词汇

although [ɔːl'ðəʊ] conj. 尽管；但是

the Supreme Court 最高法院

prohibit [prə'hɪbɪt] v. 禁止；使不可能

intentional [ɪn'tenʃənl] a. 故意的，有意的

racial ['reɪʃl] a. 种族的；人种的

discrimination [dɪˌskrɪmɪ'neɪʃn] n. 歧视；辨别；识别力

case [keɪs] n. 案例；病例；情况

practice ['præktɪs] n. 通常的做法；实践；练习

so-called [ˌsəʊ 'kɔːld] a. 所谓的；人称……的

elite [eɪ'liːt] a. 精英的

ribbon ['rɪbən] n. 丝带；带状物；勋带

provide [prə'vaɪd] v. 提供；规定

convenient [kən'viːniənt] a. 便利的；容易到达的

7. The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century.

词汇

system ['sɪstəm] n. 制度，体系；系统

fail to do 未能做

regularly ['reɡjələli] ad. 有规律地；经常地；均匀地

8. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty.

词汇

majority [mə'dʒɒrəti] n. 大多数；多数票

eligible ['elɪdʒəbl] a. 有资格的；合适的

9. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list.

词汇

automatically [ˌɔːtə'mætɪkli] ad. 自动地；不由自主地

exempt [ɪɡ'zempt] v. 免除；豁免

unless [ən'les] conj. 除非；如果不

personally ['pɜːsənəli] ad. 就本人而言；亲自

list [lɪst] n. 名单；目录

10. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.

词汇

justify ['dʒʌstɪfaɪ] v. 证明……正确；对……作出解释

claim [kleɪm] n. 宣称；断言；索赔 v. 声称；要求

need [niːd] v. 需要；有必要 n. 需要；短缺

unrepresentative [ˌʌnˌreprɪ'zentətɪv] a. 无代表性的；不典型的

11. In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury.

词汇

congress ['kɒŋɡres] n. 国会；代表大会

pass [pɑːs] v. 经表决通过；走过

act [ækt] n. 法案；行动；假装

usher in 开创；开启

era ['ɪərə] n. 纪元，时代

reform [rɪ'fɔːm] n. 改革；改正

12. This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community.

词汇

abolish [ə'bɒlɪʃ] v. 废除，废止

special ['speʃ(ə)l] a. 特殊的，特别的

educational [ˌedʒu'keɪʃən(ə)l] a. 教育的；有关教育的；有教育意义的

requirement [rɪ'kwaɪəmənt] n. 必要条件；所需的东西

federal ['fedərəl] a. 联邦政府的；联邦制的

require [rɪ'kwaɪə] v. 要求；需要

at random 随机地

entire [ɪn'taɪə(r)] a. 整个的；全部的；完全的

13. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana , the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level.

词汇

landmark ['lændmɑːk] n. 里程碑；地标

decision [dɪ'sɪʒ(ə)n] n. 裁决；决断（力）；决策

extend [ɪk'stend] v. 扩大；延长

requirement [rɪ'kwaɪəmənt] n. 要求；所需的东西

level ['levl] n. 级别；程度；水平

14. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.

词汇

declare [dɪ'kleə(r)] v. 宣布；断言

unconstitutional [ˌʌnˌkɒnstɪ'tjuːʃənl] a. 违背宪法的

order ['ɔːdə] v. 命令；订购

use [juːz] v. 使用；利用；运用

male [meɪl] a. 男性的；雄性的 n. 男性；雄性

female ['fiːmeɪl] a. 女性的；雌性的 n. 女性；雌性 52mOoyv2HdXqeo/Ixj7j00b3ah6zM2mBqn1ujzOOAG+q+rbcoawb8jMiipiUdhaF