Text 3

1. Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors—habits—among consumers.

词汇

decade ['dekeɪd] n. 十年，十年期

perfect ['pɜːfɪkt] v. 使完善，使完美

art [ɑːt] n. 艺术；艺术作品

create [kri'eɪt] v. 创造，设计；引起

automatic [ˌɔːtə'mætɪk] a. 自动的；无意识的；必然的

behavior [bɪ'heɪvjə(r)] n. 行为；表现方式

habit [hæbɪt] n. 习惯；惯性

consumer [kən'sjuːmə(r)] n. 消费者；用户

2. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.

词汇

earn [ɜːn] v. 赚得；获（利）；赢得

billion ['bɪljən] num. 十亿

dollar ['dɒlə(r)] n. 美元；一元

customer ['kʌstəmə(r)] n. 顾客；家伙

snack [snæk] n. 点心；易办到的事

wipe [waɪp] v. 擦；消除

counter ['kaʊntə] n. 柜台；反对

in response to 作为回应

carefully ['keəfəli] ad. 小心地，仔细地

design [dɪ'zaɪn] v. 设计；制订

a set of 一套

cue [kjuː] n. 暗示；提示；球杆

3.“There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,”said Dr. Curtis, the director of the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.

词汇

fu ndamental [ˌfʌndə'mentl] a. 基础的；根本的；不能再分的

public ['pʌblɪk] a. 公共的；公众的；公开的

health [helθ] n. 健康；医疗；卫生

problem ['prɒbləm] n. 问题；困难

like [laɪk] prep. 像；例如

instead of 而不是；代替

soap [səʊp] n. 肥皂 v. 用肥皂擦洗

remain [rɪ'meɪn] v. 仍然是；保持不变

killer ['kɪlə(r)] n. 导致死亡的人（或动物、事物）

figure out 弄明白；想出

change [tʃeɪndʒ] v. 改变；更换 n. 改变；零钱

director [də'rektə] n. 主任；负责人；导演

hygiene ['haɪdʒiːn] n. 卫生

center ['sentə(r)] n. 中心；中心区；中间派

tropical ['trɒpɪk(ə)l] a. 热带的；来自热带的

medicine ['medsn] n. 医学；药

4.“We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”

词汇

learn [lɜːn] v. 学习；得知；记住；意识到

private ['praɪvət] a. 私营的；私有的；秘密的

industry ['ɪndəstri] n. 行业；工业；勤奋

happen [hæpən] v. 发生；使遭遇；碰巧

automatically [ˌɔːtə'mætɪkli] ad. 自动地；不由自主地

5. The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to—Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever—had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.

词汇

turn to 求助于；转向

invest [ɪn'vest] v. 投资；投入；授予

hundreds of millions of 数以亿计的

subtle ['sʌt(ə)l] a. 不易察觉的；机智的；敏锐的

cue [kjuː] n. 暗示；提示；球杆

corporation [ˌkɔːpə'reɪʃ(ə)n] n. 公司；法人团体；市政委员会

introduce [ˌɪntrə'djuːs] v. 引进；推行；介绍

routine [ruː'tiːn] n. 常规；生活乏味

6. If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day—chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins—are results of manufactured habits.

词汇

hard [hɑːd] ad. 仔细地；努力地

product ['prɒdʌkt] n. 产品；结果

chew [tʃuː] v. 咀嚼，嚼碎

chewing gum 口香糖

skin [skɪn] n. 皮肤；外皮

moisturizer ['mɔɪstʃəraɪzə(r)] n. 润肤霜

disinfect [ˌdɪsɪn'fekt] v. 给……消毒；消除（计算机）病毒

wipe [waɪp] n. （湿）抹布，纸巾；擦 v. 擦；拭

air [eə(r)] n. 空气；神态；天空

freshener ['freʃnə(r)] n. 使清洁（或清新）之物

purifier ['pjʊərɪfaɪə(r)] n. 净化器；清洁器

whitener ['hwaɪtənə] n. 增白剂；漂白剂

fabric ['fæbrɪk] n. 织物，布料；结构

so ftener ['sɒfnə(r)] n. （衣物的）柔顺剂；（硬水）软化器

vitamin ['vɪtəmɪn] n. 维生素，维他命

result [rɪ'zʌlt] n. 结果；得分；成果

manufacture [ˌmænju'fæktʃə] v. 成批制造；编造；产生

7. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day.

词汇

century ['sentʃəri] n. 百年；世纪

few [fjuː] a. 很少；有些，几个

regularly ['reɡjələli] ad. 有规律地；匀称地；经常地

brush [brʌʃ] v. （用刷子）刷净；刷平顺；抹

multiple ['mʌltɪpl] a. 许多的；多重的；多种多样的

8. Today, because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.

词汇

because of 因为

shrewd [ʃruːd] a. 高明的；精明的；敏锐的

advertising ['ædvətaɪzɪŋ] n. 广告活动，广告业；（总称）广告

campaign [kæm'peɪn] n. （有计划的）活动，运动

habitually [hə'bɪtjʊəli] ad. 习惯性地

pearly ['pɜːli] a. 似珍珠的；珍珠的

cavity ['kævəti] n. （龋齿的）洞；窟窿；腔

prevent [prɪ'vent] v. 阻止，阻碍

scrub [skrʌb] n. 刷洗，擦洗；灌木丛

twice [twaɪs] ad. 两次；两倍

brand [brænd] n. 品牌；类型

9. A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal.

词汇

a few 一些；几个

outside of 除了……之外

10. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long.

词汇

then [ðen] ad. 然后；那么；那时

beverage ['bevərɪdʒ] n. 饮料

bottle ['bɒtl] v. 把……装入瓶中

production [prə'dʌkʃn] n. 生产；产量；上映 far-off ['fɑːrɒf] a. 遥远的；很久以前的

spring [sprɪŋ] n. 泉；春季；弹簧

office ['ɒfɪs] n. 办事处；办公室；要职

worker ['wɜː(r)kə(r)] n. 工人；工作者

unthinkingly [ʌn'θɪŋkɪŋli] ad. 不假思索地

sip [sɪp] v. 小口喝，抿

all day long 整天

11. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal.

词汇

once [wʌns] ad. 曾经；一次 conj. 一旦

primarily [praɪ'merəli] ad. 主要地，根本地

adolescent [ˌædə'lesnt] a. 青春期的

feature ['fiːtʃə] v. 以……为特色；起重要作用

commercial [kə'mɜːʃ(ə)l] n. 广告 a. 商业的；以获利为目 的的；商业化的

breath [breθ] n. 呼吸的空气

cleanser ['klenzə(r)] n. 清洁剂；洁肤液

use [juːz] n. 使用；用途

12. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.

词汇

advertise ['ædvətaɪz] v. 宣扬；公布；登广告

beauty [bju:ti] a. 美容的 n. 美丽，美丽的人或事物 ritual ['rɪtʃuəl] n. 程序；习惯

slip [slɪp] v. 偷偷放；滑倒；溜

put on 涂抹（化妆品）；穿戴；举办

makeup ['meɪkʌp] n. 化妆品；组成；性格

13.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,”said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year.

词汇

product ['prɒdʌkt] n. 产品；结果

succeed [sək'siːd] v. 成功；达到目的；继任

daily ['deɪli] a. 每日的，日常的；按日的

weekly ['wiːkli] ad. 每周地

pattern ['pætn] n. 模式；典范；图案

psychologist [saɪ'kɒlədʒɪst] n. 心理学家

recently ['riːs(ə)ntli] ad. 最近，不久前

retire [rɪ'taɪə(r)] v. 退休；退出；离开

sell [sel] v. 出售；出让；售价是……

14.“Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”

词汇

positive ['pɒzətɪv] a. 良好的；有助益的；积极的

huge [hjuːdʒ] a. 巨大的；极多的；非常成功的

improve [ɪm'pruːv] v. 改进；改善

essential [ɪ'senʃl] a. 必不可少的；基本的

commercially [kə'mɜːʃəli] ad. 商业上

viable ['vaɪəbl] a. 切实可行的；能独立发展的

15. Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through ruthless advertising.

词汇

experiment [ɪk'sperɪmənt] n. 实验；尝试

observation [ˌɒbzə'veɪʃn] n. 观察；评论

social ['səʊʃ(ə)l] a. 社会的；社交的；群居的

scientist ['saɪəntɪst] n. 科学家

power ['paʊə(r)] n. 影响力；能量；能力

tie [taɪ] v. 使相联系；束缚；系 n. 纽带，联系

certain ['sɜːtn] a. 某个；确信的；肯定的

habitual [hə'bɪtʃuəl] a. 习惯性的；惯常的；讨厌的

ruthless ['ruːθləs] a. 无情的；残酷的

16. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.

词汇

science ['saɪəns] n. 科学；学科

emerge [ɪ'mɜːdʒ] v. 出现；暴露

controversy ['kɒntrəvɜːsi] n. 争论，论战

erupt [ɪ'rʌpt] v. 爆发；突然发生

tactic ['tæktɪk] n. 策略；战术

qu estionable ['kwestʃənəbl] a. 可 疑的；有问题的；别有用心的

cream [kriːm] n. 护肤霜；奶油；精华

unhealthy [ʌn'helθi] a. 不健康的；不良的 52mOoyv2HdXqeo/Ixj7j00b3ah6zM2mBqn1ujzOOAG+q+rbcoawb8jMiipiUdhaF