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第六节
糖尿病性屈光不正流行病学

糖尿病性屈光不正是DM患者可逆性双眼视力障碍的最主要原因之一,分为急性和慢性两种。急性糖尿病性屈光不正多见于血糖迅速波动导致的屈光状态变化,例如:DM初期血糖迅速升高时或刚使用胰岛素等强化降血糖治疗致血糖迅速降低时;慢性糖尿病性屈光不正指长期高血糖导致的屈光变化。多数研究观察到血糖剧烈升高时屈光状态向近视漂移,血糖降低时屈光多向远视漂移,但也有部分观察结果得出相反结论,部分结果还伴有散光改变。

DM与屈光不正的相关性,各家报道结果存在差异,多数报道认为DM是近视的危险因素之一。Jacobsen等学者认为DM患者近视患病率高于非DM患者,血糖控制不良是近视发生的危险因素之一。一项台湾金门进行的2型DM患者屈光不正患病率的研究显示,近视的患病率为44.1%,高于普通人群,在2型DM人群近视比远视更常见。新加坡的一项研究结果也显示1型糖尿病患者近视患病率较普通人群高。此外,国内有研究发现初次应用胰岛素的DM患者,发生一过性屈光不正发生率为36.9%,出现屈光不正均为远视,表现为波动性屈光不正。因此建议为年轻糖尿病患者出具屈光处方前需要询问HbA1c和空腹血糖结果,即在血糖稳定情况下给予配镜处方。

(崔颖)

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