



一般来说,英语专业学士学位论文在内容上未必有很高的学术价值,但在论文的结构与格式上有很高的规范要求。事实上,学士论文格式是否规范,常常被视为论文合格与否和等级评定优劣的一个重要方面,是英语专业本科生基本学术训练的基础。因此,学士论文的撰写应严格遵循规范,按固定的完整格式来完成,以保证与国际接轨。
学士学位论文的整体格式以及相关的引文、注释和参考文献格式,可以参照目前中外学界流行的学术论文格式,如美国心理学会格式(APA, Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association)、美国现代语言协会格式(MLA, The Modern Language Association Style)、芝加哥格式(Chicago Manual)三种主要论文格式,以及我国在 1987 年公布的《中华人民共和国国家标准UDC 001.81 GB 7713-87 科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式》。虽然各校的规范要求不尽相同,但基本上没有太大差异。(参照本书“例文篇”)
APA格式主要用于心理学、教育学和社会科学领域的论文写作。其规范格式主要包括文内文献引用(Reference Citations in Text)和文后参考文献列举(Reference List)两大部分。APA格式强调出版物的年代(Time of the Publication Year),而不太注重原文作者的姓名,引文时常把出版年代置于作者缩写的名(the Initial of Author's First Name)之前。我国的外语类期刊(以语言学刊物为甚)和自然科学类学术刊物都喜欢使用APA格式。
MLA格式是由 1883 年成立的美国现代语言协会(The Modern Language Association of America)倡导的一种论文写作规范,广泛用于文学、历史学、艺术等学科领域。目前,全球范围内成千上万的学者都喜欢使用MLA格式。与APA格式不同的是,在文献引用方面,MLA格式注重文献引用的来源而不太在意出版年代,引文时会把原文置于论文之中,省去脚注(Footnotes)的麻烦,便于读者在文后的参考文献(Works Cited)中查询引文的完整来源(the Full Citation Information)。我国学术界的文学类和人文社科类期刊喜欢使用MLA格式。
芝加哥格式是各学科的通用格式,主要用于图书、杂志、报纸和其他非学术类出版物的写作领域。芝加哥格式的具体要求可查阅参看 The Chicago Manual of Style (第15 版)一书第 16 章和第 17 章的详尽介绍。
芝加哥格式又分为两种基本的文献格式:the Humanities Style(Notes and Bibliography)和the Author-date System。不同的学者、不同的研究机构会根据各自的喜好、所选课题的内容以及参考文献的来源对这两种格式有所选择。
顾名思义,the Humanities Style多为文学、历史学、艺术等人文学科的学者所青睐。因为这种格式可以提供Bibliographic Information in Notes,通常情况下则是Bibliography的格式。不仅如此,这种格式可以提供多种多样的文献来源,包括Esoteric Ones Less Appropriate to the Author-date System的格式。而另一种the Author date System格式一直以来是由自然科学等领域的学者使用的。主要是因为在这种格式里,“sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author's last name and date of publication. The short citations are amplified in a list of references, where full bibliographic information is provided.”
在论文写作过程中,我们往往都要通过对前人研究成果中某些观点、数据、材料等的借鉴或引用,为自己的论证提供一些有说服力的依据,从而提高论文的权威性和有效性。
引文通常分为直接引用和间接引用两种。直接引用是指对原文原封不动的抄录,引用中不能任意添加、删除或改变任何文字、标点,甚至大小写。如果引文太长,或者引文中的某些句子放在论文里有些格格不入,那么,我们就可以在引文中采用省略号的形式。直接引用的引文前后要加上引号以示突出。
为了避免引起抄袭和剽窃,论文中的引文规范格式就显得非同小可。下面,我们对学士学位论文写作中直接引文和间接引文的格式择其要者而述之。
(1)当引文本身不能构成完整的意思时,引文宜融入论文本身的论述之中,才能组成完整的论述。如:
In this paper, I shall, therefore, be concerned primarily with the style of a particular text,“Miss Brill”,for the simple reason that“a text, whether considered as a whole work or as an extract from a work, is the nearest we can get to a homogeneous and specific use of language.”(Leech and Short 12)
(2)当引文本身可以构成完整的意思时,可以将这种引文放置在论文本身的论述之中,用不同的字体和格式使引文自成段落,起到强调的作用。如:
In an effort to pin down her innovative contribution to the development of the twentieth century short story, Authur Sewell, in a widely-quoted critical essay, described her achievement as two-fold:“First, she enlarged the potentialities of language, of the English language. She made something out of words quite new. She worked out a new texture in prose. Second, she explored a realm of emotional experience; she communicated a quality of emotional experience found nowhere else in literature.”(Sewell 43)
(3)直接引用的材料应该在所引材料的后面加括号,括号里面注明引文作者的姓(无须注出全名)和引文出处的页码,比如:(Sewell 43)。引文作者的姓与页码之间空出一格,不需要加逗号,也不需要在页码前面加“p.”之类的缩写。但APA格式的引文要求有所不同,如果在论文中提到了作者的姓名,那么,就应该在作者的姓名全称之后,用圆括号将出版物的年代写出,引文结束之后,在圆括号里列出引文的页码,页码前要写上“p.”或“pp.”之类的缩写。如果论文里没有提到引文的作者,就应该将引文作者的名字(First Name)、出版年代、引文页码三项列在引文之后的圆括号里。如:
Stuart Hall(1993)says,“Identity is formed at the unstable point where the unspeakable stories of subjectivity meet the narratives of history, of a culture”(p. 135).
Some scholars believe that“[i] dentity is formed at the unstable point where the unspeakable stories of subjectivity meet the narratives of history, of a culture”(Hall,1993,p. 135).
What is plagiarism?Simply speaking,“Using another person's ideas or expressions in your writing without acknowledging the source constitutes plagiarism”(Gibaldi, 1998,pp. 151-153).
就引文规范格式而言,下列九种情况要特别予以注意:
第一,如果引文作者只有一部书籍被引用,只需在引文后的括号内注明其姓和引文在书中的页码即可,如(Lewis 30)。
第二,如果引文作者有两部或两部以上书籍被引用,引文后的括号内除了要注明原作者的姓,还需注明书名或简要的书名(书名用斜体或下划线标出),以及该书的页码,如(Fieldler, Archetype and Signature 30)。
第三,如果引文作者有两位或两位以上,引文后的括号内则应注明每一位作者的姓和书籍的页码,如(Leech and Short 12)。
第四,如果引文作者有三位以上,引文后的括号内则要注明第一位作者的姓,后跟“et al.”和书籍的页码,如(Hicks et al. 78)。
第五,无名氏的引文,只要在引文后的括号内注明书名和书的页码即可,如( Beowulf 30)。
第六,如果该引文在引用材料中本身就是引用材料(即第二手材料),那就应该在引文后的括号内先注明qtd. in,即quoted in,然后再注明该作者的姓和书的页码,如(qtd. in Lewis 30)。
第七,引用文学作品,如散文、诗歌和戏剧时,引文的行数(Line Number)往往比书籍的页码更有用。引用诗歌原文时,三行以内的诗句,不必另起一行,引文用引号标出,诗句之间用斜线分开,斜线与前后字母及标点之间均需空出一格,引文的诗行行数用圆括号表示,置于引号和句号之间。如:
When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, were all cleansed […]”(1620-1621).
如果引述的诗句超过四行,引用时则应单列,另起一行,不需加引号;引文用冒号引导,每行诗的开头右缩十格,如:
Elizabeth Bishop's In the Waiting Room is rich in evocation detail:
It was winter. It got dark
early. The waiting room
was full of grown-up people,
artics and overcoats,
lamps and magazines.(6-10)
第八,如果诗歌的中间一行或几行被省略,那么,省略部分则用一行的省略号来表示,两端加上方括号,其长度大约为一个诗句的长度。如:
Robert Frost deals with a dilemma of choosing the unknown, mysterious nature or the earthly, routine life in his The Road Not Taken :
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth;
[…]
I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood,
and I—I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference(Frost 1-5,16-20).
第九,引用剧中的人物对白时,需另起一行,并用冒号引导。引文不需用引号标出。书写时,人物姓名全部大写,后跟英文句点,左边缩进十格,如果对白超过一行,其余的句行应再缩进三格。另一个人物的对白则需另起一行。戏剧引文的其他格式与散文和诗歌的格式相同。如:
KING. Come, Hamlet, come, and take this hand from me.
[The King puts the hand of LAERTES into that of Hamlet]
HAMLET. Give me your pardon, sir! I have done you wrong;
But pardon it, as you are a gentleman.
This presence knows, and you must needs have heard,
How I am punished with a sore distraction.
What I have done,
That might your nature, honour, and exception,
Roughly awake, I here proclaim was madness.
[…]
LAER. I am satisfied in nature,
Whose motive, in this case, should stir me most
To my revenge:but in my terms of honour,
I stand aloof; and will no reconcilement,
Till by some elder masters, of known honour,
I have a voice and precedent of peace,
To keep my name ungor’d:But till that time,
I do receive your offer’d love like love,
And will not wrong it.
( Hamlet Ⅴ,ii.)
论文写作过程中,间接引用的材料一般会以脚注和尾注的方式来说明材料的出处。目前我国许多博士论文和学术著作都喜欢使用脚注这种方式。
脚注也称页末注或页下注。脚注出现在论文各页的底部,与文本的最后一行之间约有四行(或两个双行)的空隙。脚注本身不空行,但两个脚注之间空一行。当一个脚注延续到下一页时,要在新一页文本下面空两行(或一个双行)处画上一条粗线,并在粗线下面空两行(或一个双行)处继续打印前一页的注释。新一页的脚注紧跟前一页的注释,中间空一个双行。
尾注也称集中注或篇尾注。尾注出现在文本的后面,另起一页,页码还是按正文顺序排。将注释的题目放在正中离页端的一英寸处,空一行后从左页边处缩进一英寸(或五个空格),然后在同一行略微向上的地方加上注释号码,不加任何标点符号。如果注释有两行以上,下面的行数则应从左页边开始。逐个连续地加上注释,每行之间空行,并将所有书籍标上页码。英美国家多采用尾注方式。
脚注和尾注中所包含的信息内容依次为:
(1)作者姓名:西文作者先名后姓,中国作者先姓后名。如果用英文表示,论文集编者、编纂者、译著译者的姓名前分别用“ed(s).”“comps.”和“trans.”表示;如果用中文表示,则在姓名之后分别用“编”、“纂”(或省去)和“译”表示。
(2)书名:西文书名加下划线或采用斜体,中文书名则用“《》”表示。标明图书版次,英文用一个序数词和英语缩写词“ed.”表示,中文图书则直接写上图书版次。
(3)出版信息:包括出版地点、出版社和出版年份。这几项都放在圆括号内,常用的格式为:(出版地:出版社,出版年份)。
(4)卷号:英文用缩写词“Vol.”表示,中文则用“第……卷”表示。
(5)页号:APA格式的单页缩写为“p.”,多页为“pp.”,MLA格式则不用写该项缩写“p.”或“pp.”,直接写上数字即可。
MLA的脚注、尾注格式如下:
1. 专著 ( 编著 )
1 Frank Feather, Canada's Best Careers Guide 2000 (Toronto:Warwick, 2000)152-3.
1 Jerry White, ed. Death and Taxes:Beating One of the Two Certainties in Life (Toronto:Warwick, 1998)7-8.
2. 两人合著 ( 编著 )
2 R. D. Hogg and Michael G. Mallin, Preparing Your Income Tax Returns:2001 Edition for 2000 Returns (Toronto:CCH Canadian, 2001)969:519.
2 Andrew Cohen and J. L. Granatstein, eds. Trudeau's Shadow:The Life and Legacy of Pierre Elliott Trudeau (Toronto:Random, 1998)391.
3. 三人以上合著
3 Jack Canfield, et al., Chicken Soup for the Kid's Soul:101 Stories of Courage, Hope and Laughter (Deerfield Beach, FL:Health Communications, 1998)68.
3 Mans O. Larsson, et al.,eds. Let's Go:Germany 1998 (New York:St. Martin's,1998)96-98.
4. 匿名著作 ( 不署名 )
4 The 1990 Charlton Coin Guide , 29th ed.(Toronto:Charlton, 1989)39.
4 Microsoft PowerPoint Version 2002 Step by Step (Redmond, W. A.:Perspection,2001)235.
5. 译著
5 Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl , trans. M. Moyaart-Doubleday(Toronto:Bantam, 1993)95.
6. 论文集里的论文
6 Carmen Da Silva,“Life Insurance as a Tool for Estate Planning,” Death and Taxes: Beating One of the Two Certainties in Life , ed. Jerry White(Toronto:Warwick, 1998)57-71.
6 Maryann G. Valiulis,“Power, Gender and Identity in the Irish Free State,” Irish Women's Voices Past and Present , ed. Joan Hoff and Moureen Coulter(Bloomington, IN:Indiana UP, 1995)118.
7. 百科全书里的匿名文章
7 “Malcolm X,” Encyclopedia of Social Issues , 1997 ed.
8. 百科全书里的署名文章
8 Lawrence A. Presley,“DNA Fingerprinting,” World Book Encyclopedia , 2000 ed.
9. 报纸杂志里的匿名文章
9 “Bombardier Wins Order in Israel,” Globe and Mail [Toronto] 29 Oct. 2002:B12.
9 “Lighting Up the World:A Canadian's Obsession Has Helped Thousands,” Maclean's 4 Nov. 2002:42-43.
10. 报纸杂志里的署名文章
10 Jonathan Alter and Geoffrey Gagnon,“The Future of New York,” Newsweek 9 Sept.2002:50 + .
10 Michael Friscolanti,“Convicts‘Morally’Fit to Vote:Supreme Court Ruling,” National Post [Toronto] 1 Nov. 2002:A4.
10 Rita Daly,“Bird Flu Targeting the Young,” Toronto Star 11 Mar. 2006:A1 + .
10 Tom Fennell,“From Misfit to Murderer,” Maclean's 4 Nov. 2002:32-34.
11. 宣传手册里的匿名文章
11 2001 Chevy Tracker:Chevy Trucks (General Motors of Canada, 2000).
11 Fosamax (Kirkland, PQ:Merck Frosst Canada, 2002).
12. 图书 、 电影和软件产品的评论文章
12 Henry Gordon, rev. of China! The Grand Tour , CD-ROM, Hopkins Technology, We Compute Feb. 1998:15.
12 Katrina Onstad,“Not Too Naughty, Not Too Nice,”rev. of The Santa Clause 2 ,dir. Michael Lembeck, National Post [Toronto] 1 Nov. 2002:PM5.
13. 引用政府文件
13 Canada, Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Gathering Strength: Canada's Aboriginal Action Plan (Ottawa:Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2000)12-13.
13 United States, National Council on Disability, Carrying on the Good Fight—Summary Paper from Think Tank 2000—Advancing the Civil and Human Rights of People with Disabilities from Diverse Cultures (Washington:GPO, 2000)6.
14. 引用访谈
14 Hellmut Longin, Personal Interview, 12 Feb. 2006.
15. 引用胶片或录音
15 The Pacifier , dir. Adam Shankman, perf. Vin Diesel, DVD, Disney, 2005.
15 A Simple Wish , dir. Michael Ritchie, writ. Jeff Rothberg, perf. Martin Short and Mara Wilson, VHS, Universal, 1997.
16. 引用视频录像
16 Ginger, Solid Ground , Nettwerk, Vancouver, 1994.
17. 引用影视产品或广播
17 Larry King Live , CNN, Nassau, Bahamas, 7 Mar. 2002.
17 Abbey Lincoln Sings Her Career , WBGO, Newark, NJ, 4 Mar. 2002.
18. 引用电脑软件或 CD-ROM
18 National Parks:The Multimedia Family Guide , CD-ROM, Woodland Hills, C. A.:Cambrix, 1995.
18 Norton Anti-Virus , CD-ROM, Symantec, 2003.
18 Quick Tax:Tax Year 2002 ,CD-ROM, Intuit Canada, 2003.
19. 引用互联网网址
19 Canada, Indian and Northern Affairs,“Aboriginal Peoples Survey:From APS Ⅰ to APS Ⅱ.” Facts from Stats , Corporate Information Management Directorate, Issue No. 15,Mar. 2000,15 Dec. 2004 < http://www.inac. gc. ca/nr/nwltr/sts/2000-03—e. html > .
19 James Henretta, et al.,“Richard Allen and African-American Identity,” America's History , Spring 1997,11 Feb. 2006 < http://www.arlyamerica.com/review/spring 97 /allen. html > .
19 “Edsitement,”12 Feb. 2006 < http://edsitement. neh. gov > .
19 Abdullah al-Shiri,“Danish Cartoon Prompts Protest,” Sunday Herald 29 Jan. 2006,12 Feb. 2006 < http://ww1. sundayherald.com /53793 > .
20. 引用莎士比亚作品
(Shakespeare's plays are cited with Roman capitals for the Act, small Roman numerals for the Scene, and Arabic numerals for the Lines).
20 Hamlet Ⅳ,i, 15-18.
In-text Footnotes or Endnotes may be added in an essay for a single Shakespearean play:
20 Lear sums up his whole tragedy when he says,“I am a man more sinned against than sinning.”(Ⅲ,ii, 57)
21. 引用 《 圣经 》 等
Example in text:
An interesting reference was made to the picking of corn on the Sabbath. 1
Example of Footnote citation, long form:
1 Matthew 12:1-8.
Example of Footnote citation, short form:
1 Mt 12:1-8.
List under Works Cited:
The New Jerusalem Bible:Reader's Edition . New York:Doubleday, 1990.
Example in text:
The Catechism of the Catholic Church states that“Because of its common origin the human race forms a unity , for‘from one ancestor [God] made all nations to inhabit the whole earth.’” 2
Example of first Footnote or Endnote citation of the above quote taken from Catechism of the Catholic Church , Part Ⅰ,Section 2,Chapter 1,Article 1,Paragraph 61,Reference Number:360,page 103,would be:
2 Catechism of the Catholic Church (New York:Doubleday, 1994)360.
Subsequent citation of the same quote:
3 Catechism , 360.
Citation of a different quote from the same book:
4 Catechism , 1499.
List under Works Cited:
Catechism of the Catholic Church . New York:Doubleday, 1994.
Examples of other Footnote or Endnote citations of sacred texts:
5 Pius Ⅻ,encyclical, Summi Pontificatus 3.
6 Roman Catechism Ⅰ,10,24.
22. 整篇论文只引用一部著作
If the entire essay is about one book, e. g., Carrie only and there are no other sources used, a Footnote or Endnote is needed only for the first quotation as follows:
Stephen King, Carrie (New York:New American, 1974)40.
All subsequent quotations are from this edition.
After this, it is only necessary to supply the page number of the text:
Sheriff Otis Doyle testified that Miss Snell told him that“Carrie did it. Carrie did it.”(198)
23. 多次反复引用同一位作者的多部著作
(1)If a source was footnoted earlier, you can use a shortened Footnote or Endnote providing only the author's surname and the reference page number:
1 King 197.
(2)When two or more books by the same author are used as reference material, or there are sources by two or more authors with the same last name, include the short title or an abbreviated form of the title:
2 King, Fire-Starter 279.
2 King, It 13.
需要强调的是,论文中采用的尾注或脚注形式要通篇保持一致,即自始至终只用一种形式。不能有主观随意性,忽而脚注,忽而尾注,甚至忽而文内夹注(Parenthesis),这些都是不规范的行文方式。
参考文献的英文表达一般有Works Cited, Bibliography和References三种。北美高校和学术界喜欢称此页为Works Cited,而Bibliography和References则为英国等国的学界所青睐。以下是英文论文写作常用的三种参考文献格式:
(续上表)
(续上表)
(续上表)
(续上表)
(续上表)
(续上表)
(续上表)
下面是芝加哥格式参考文献引用的常用例子。每个例子分别用大写英文字母[N]来表示Humanities Style格式,后接字母[B]作为Bibliographic Entry的标志;大写英文字母[T]表示Author-date Style格式,后接字母[R]作为Reference-list Entry的标志。
1. 专著
N:1. Wendy Doniger, Splitting the Difference (Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1999),65.
B:Doniger, Wendy. Splitting the Difference . Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1999.
T:(Doniger 1999,65)
R:Doniger, Wendy. 1999. Splitting the Difference . Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
2. 合著
N:6. Guy Cowlishaw and Robin Dunbar, Primate Conservation Biology (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2000),104-7.
B:Cowlishaw, Guy and Robin Dunbar. Primate Conservation Biology . Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2000.
T:(Cowlishaw and Dunbar 2000,104-7)
R:Cowlishaw, Guy and Robin Dunbar. 2000. Primate Conservation Biology . Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
3. 三人以上合著
N:13.EdwardO.Laumannetal., The Social Organization of Sexuality : Sexual Practices in the United States (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1994),262.
B:Laumann, Edward O.,John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael and Stuart Michaels. The Social Organization of Sexuality : Sexual Practices in the United States . Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1994.
T:(Laumann et al. 1994,262)
R:Laumann, Edward O.,John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael and Stuart Michaels.1994. The Social Organization of Sexuality : Sexual Practices in the United States . Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
4. 译著
N:4. Richmond Lattimore, trans., The Iliad of Homer (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1951),91-92.
B:Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Iliad of Homer . Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1951.
T:(Lattimore 1951,91-92)
R:Lattimore, Richmond, trans. 1951. The Iliad of Homer . Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
5. 编著或译著
N:16. Yves Bonnefoy, New and Selected Poems , ed. John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf(Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1995),22.
B:Bonnefoy, Yves. New and Selected Poems . Edited by John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1995.
T:(Bonnefoy 1995,22)
R:Bonnefoy, Yves. 1995. New and Selected Poems . Ed. John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
6. 专著中的章节或论文
N:5. Andrew Wiese,“ The House I Live in :Race, Class, and African American Suburban Dreams in the Postwar United States,”in The New Suburban History , ed. Kevin M. Kruse and Thomas J.Sugrue(Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2006),101-102.
B:Wiese, Andrew.“ The House I Live in :Race, Class, and African American Suburban Dreams in the Postwar United States.”In the New Suburban History , edited by Kevin M. Kruse and Thomas J. Sugrue, 99-119. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2006.
T:(Wiese 2006,101-2)
R:Wiese, Andrew. 2006.“The House I Live in”:Race, Class, and African American Suburban Dreams in the Postwar United States. In the New Suburban History , ed.Kevin M. Kruse and Thomas J. Sugrue, 99-119. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
7. 编著中的章节或论文 ( 最初的文献来源 )
N:8. Quintus Tullius Cicero.“Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship,”in Rome : Late Republic and Principate , ed. Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White, vol. 2 of University of Chicago Readings in Western Civilization , ed.JohnBoyerandJuliusKirshner(Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1986),35.
B:Cicero, Quintus Tullius.“Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship.” In Rome : Late Republic and Principate , edited by Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White. Vol. 2 of University of Chicago Readings in Western Civilization , editedbyJohnBoyerandJuliusKirshner, 33-46. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1986. Originally published in Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, trans., The Letters of Cicero , vol. 1(London:George Bell &Sons, 1908).
T:(Cicero 1986,35)
R:Cicero, Quintus Tullius. 1986. Handbook on canvassing for the consulship. In Rome : Late Republic and Principate , edited by Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White.Vol.2 of University of Chicago Readings in Western Civilization , ed.JohnBoyerandJuliusKirshner, 33-46. Chicago:University of Chicago Press. Originally published in Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, trans., The Letters of Cicero , vol. 1(London:George Bell & Sons,1908).
8. 专著中的序言 ( 前言或导论 )
N:17.JamesRieger, Introduction to Frankenstein ; or , The Modern Prometheus , byMary Wollstonecraft Shelley(Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1982),xx- xxi.
B:Rieger,James. Introduction to Frankenstein ; or , The Modern Prometheus , byMary Wollstonecraft Shelley, xi- xxxvii. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1982.
T:(Rieger 1982,xx- xxi)
R:Rieger,James.1982. Introduction to Frankenstein ; or , The Modern Psrometheus ,by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, xi- xxxvii. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
9. 专著的电子版
N:2. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders ’ Constitution (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1987),http://press-pubs. uchicago.edu /founders/(accessed June 27,2006).
B:Kurland, Philip B.,and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders ’ Constitution .Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs. uchicago.edu/founders/.Also available in print form and as a CD-ROM.
T:(Kurland and Lerner 1987)
R:Kurland, Philip B.,and Ralph Lerner, eds. 1987. The Founders ’ Constitution .Chicago:University of Chicago Press. http://press-pubs. uchicago.edu/founders/.
1. 印刷杂志中的论文
N:8. John Maynard Smith,“The Origin of Altruism,” Nature 393(1998):639.
B:Smith, John Maynard.“The Origin of Altruism.” Nature 393(1998):639-40.
T:(Smith 1998,639)
R:Smith, John Maynard. 1998. The origin of altruism. Nature 393:639-40.
2. 在线杂志中的论文
N:33. Mark A.,Hlatky, et al.,“Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women after Receiving Hormone Therapy:Results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study(HERS)Trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association 287,No. 5(2002),http://jama. ama-assn.org/issues/v287n5/rfull/joc10108. html#aainfo.
B:Hlatky, Mark A.,Derek Boothroyd, Eric Vittinghoff, Penny Sharp, and Mary A. Whooley.“Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women after Receiving Hormone Therapy:Results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study(HERS)Trial.” Journal of the American Medical Association 287,No.5(February 6,2002),http://jama. ama-assn.org/issues/v287n5/rfull/joc10108. html #aainfo.
T:(Hlatky et al. 2002)
R:Hlatky, Mark A.,Derek Boothroyd, Eric Vittinghoff, Penny Sharp, and Mary A. Whooley. 2002. Quality-of-life and Depressive Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women after Receiving Hormone Therapy:Results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin ReplacementStudy(HERS)Trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 287,no.5(February 6),http://jama. ama-assn.org/issues/v287n5/rfull/joc10108. html # aainfo(accessed January 7,2004).
3. 流行杂志中的文章
N:29. Steve Martin,“Sports-Interview Shocker,” New Yorker , May 6,2002,84.
B:Martin, Steve.“Sports-Interview Shocker.” New Yorker , May 6,2002.
T:(Martin 2002,84)
R:Martin, Steve. 2002. Sports-interview Shocker. New Yorker , May 6.
4. 报纸上的文章
N:10. William S.Niederkorn,“A Scholar Recants on His‘Shakespeare’Discovery,” New York Times , June 20,2002,Arts section, Midwest edition.
B:Niederkorn, William S.“A Scholar Recants on His‘Shakespeare’Discovery.” New York Times , June 20,2002,Arts section, Midwest edition.
T:(Niederkorn 2002)
R:Niederkorn, William S. 2002. A Scholar Recants on His“Shakespeare”Discovery. New York Times , June 20,Arts section, Midwest edition.
5. 书评文章
N:1. James Gorman,“Endangered Species,”review of The Last American Man , by Elizabeth Gilbert, New York Times Book Review , June 2,2002,16.
B:Gorman, James.“Endangered Species.”Review of The Last American Man , by Elizabeth Gilbert. New York Times Book Review , June 2,2002.
T:(Gorman 2002,16)
R:Gorman, James. 2002. Endangered Species. Review of The Last American Man ,by Elizabeth Gilbert. New York Times Book Review , June 2.
6. 硕士 、 博士学位论文
N:22. M. Amundin,“Click Repetition Rate Patterns in Communicative Sounds from the Harbour Porpoise, Phocoena Phocoena ”(PhD diss.,Stockholm University, 1991),22-29,35.
B:Amundin, M.“Click Repetition Rate Patterns in Communicative Sounds from the Harbour Porpoise, Phocoena phocoena .”PhD diss.,Stockholm University, 1991.
T:(Amundin 1991,22-29,35)
R:Amundin, M. 1991. Click Repetition Rate Patterns in Communicative Sounds from the Harbour Porpoise, Phocoena Phocoena. PhD diss.,Stockholm University.
7. 会议提交的论文
N:13. Brian Doyle,“Howling Like Dogs:Metaphorical Language in Psalm 59”(paper presented at the annual international meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature,Berlin, Germany, June 19-22,2002).
B:Doyle, Brian.“Howling Like Dogs:Metaphorical Language in Psalm 59.”Paper presented at the annual international meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, Berlin,Germany, June 19-22,2002.
T:(Doyle 2002)
R:Doyle, Brian. 2002. Howling Like Dogs:Metaphorical Language in Psalm 59.Paper presented at the annual international meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature,June 19-22,in Berlin, Germany.
1. 网站或网页中的文章
N:11. Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees,“Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 2000-2010:A Decade of Outreach,”Evanston Public Library, http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan- 00. html.
B:Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees.“Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 2000-2010:A Decade of Outreach.”Evanston Public Library. http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan- 00. html(accessed June 1,2005).
T:(Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees)
R:Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan,2000-2010:A decade of outreach. Evanston Public Library. http://www.epl.org/library /strategic-plan- 00. html.
2. 博客上的文章或评论
N:8.Peter Pearson, comment on“The New American Dilemma:Illegal Immigration,”The Becker-Posner Blog, comment posted March 6,2006,http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/archives/2006 /03/the—new—america. html ( accessed March 28,2006).
B:Becker-Posner Blog, The. http://www.becker-posner-blog.com
T:(Peter Pearson, The Becker-Posner Blog, comment posted March 6,2006)
R:Becker-Posner Blog, The. http://www.becker-posner-blog.com
3. 电子邮件
N:2. John Doe, e-mail message to author, October 31,2005.
4. 在线电子数据库中的文章
N:7. Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, ed. John Bostock and H. T. Riley, in the Perseus Digital Library, http://www.perseus. tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup = Plin.+ Nat. + 1. dedication(accessed November 17,2005).
B:Perseus Digital Library. http://www.perseus. tufts.edu
T:(Pliny the Elder, Perseus Digital Library)
R:Perseus Digital Library. http://www.perseus. tufts.edu
在选用参考文献的格式时,论文作者要特别注意以下几点:
第一,参考文献作为论文不可分割的一部分,要与正文分开,另起一页打印,置于正文之后。作为标题的Works Cited, Bibliography或References应居中并加黑,以便更醒目。
第二,英文书名加下划线或使用斜体,中文书名则用“《》”表示。千万不能“以中代英”,混淆各自不同的格式。
第三,论文中没有引用的书目,则不该列出,以免给人滥竽充数的感觉。
第四,每条书目先写作者的姓,然后才是名,按照英语 26 个字母的先后顺序排列。如果同一篇论文中引用同一个作者的多篇论著,应按论著标题英文字母顺序列出,因为第一条书目已有该作者的姓名,下一条书目只需在下一行开始空八格,加句号后按同一作者论著标题的字母顺序列出即可。(仔细参阅、研读、模仿本节的参考文献格式)
学士学位论文写作过程中难免要参阅一些中文文献。这方面的格式可参阅国内人文社会学科或外语类学术期刊的规范格式,如《中国社会科学》《外国文学评论》《中国翻译》《外语教学与研究》《外国语》等。这里我们大致给出一些基本的格式范例,供学生写作论文时参考。
需要特别指出的是,中文书名如果加书名号“《》”表示,书名之后就无须使用表示文献类型的字母。反之,中文书名如果不加书名号“《》”,则需把表示文献类型的字母写在方括号内放在书名之后。一般说来,文献类型字母中的M表示专著,C表示论文集,J表示学术期刊,D表示学位论文,R表示研究报告,N表示报纸文章,A表示从论文集里选用的一篇论文。
中文参考文献的规范格式主要有以下七项:
1. 专著
许钧.翻译论[M].武汉:湖北教育出版社,2003.
2. 合著
王先霈,王又平.文学理论批评术语汇释[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
3. 译著 、 编著
[美]迪克·赫伯迪格.亚文化:风格的意义[M].陆道夫,胡疆锋,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2009.
4. 著作中的单篇论文
周榕.时间隐喻表征的跨文化研究[A] //束定芳.隐喻与转喻研究[C].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2011.
5. 论文集里的论文
冯庆华.论译者的风格[A] //谢天振.翻译的理论建构与文化透视[C].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000:329-338.
6. 期刊中的论文
张剑.西方文论关键词:他者[J].外国文学,2011(1):118-127.
7. 报纸中的文章
冯宪光.借鉴与重构:西方马克思主义文学批评在中国[N].文艺报,1999-11-23(3).
8.曾桂娥.解构与建构:吉尔曼女权主义乌托邦研究[D].上海:上海外国语大学,2009.