下载掌阅APP，畅读海量书库
立即打开
《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》和《指南》规定：英语专业学士论文一般用英语撰写，长度为 3 000 ～ 5 000 个单词，要求文字通顺、思路清晰、内容充实，有一定的独立见解。论文正文一般由三个部分组成：引言、主体（文献综述、讨论分析等）、结语。
按照惯例，论文的基本框架依次为封面、标题、论文摘要、目录、正文、注释、参考文献、致谢、附录等。论文封面一般应包括论文标题、作者姓名、论文提交日期、学院名称等，有的学校还要求在封面上标明作者所学专业、答辩日期、指导老师姓名和职称、评阅人签名、答辩委员会主席签名等（可参阅本书第五章相关内容）。
论文摘要（Abstract）是对论文内容简明而全面的概括或总结，可以使读者迅速了解文章内容，好的摘要应该做到内容准确、自成一体、简明具体。随着国际检索系统的出现和二次文献数据库的普及，摘要逐渐成为一种信息高度密集的相对独立文体，摘要的受关注率在某种程度上要比论文本身大很多。一篇论文能否得到重视，能否被更多重要的数据库收录，摘要的内容和写作水平就起到很大的作用。
美国国家标准学会（American National Standards Institute）曾经对论文的摘要下过这样的定义：
An abstract is a concise summary of your work.“A well prepared abstract enables readers to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately， to determine its relevance to their interests， and thus to decide whether they need to read the document in its entirety.”
Abstracts should state the objectives of the project， describe the methods used，summarize the significant findings and state the implications of the findings.
摘要一般分为信息性摘要（Informative Abstract）和指示性摘要（Indicative Abstract）。信息性摘要受欢迎的程度比指示性摘要高。信息性摘要也被称为报道性摘要或资料性摘要。它主要报道论文的研究目的、研究方法、研究结果与结论。实际上，信息性摘要是论文全文的高度浓缩，相当于论文的简介或概要，提供论文的要点或基本内容，包括论文的最重要的信息材料。指示性摘要即介绍性摘要或陈述性摘要，主要介绍论文的论题，或概要地表述研究的目的，用简单的几句话使读者对论文所研究的主要内容有概括的了解，不需要介绍方法、结果、结论等具体内容。
摘要通常由四个部分组成：①研究目的（Objective or Purpose）; ②研究的过程和采用的方法（Process and Methods）; ③主要研究结果或发现（Results）; ④主要结论和推论（Conclusion）等。
本科论文摘要的词数不宜过多，150 ～ 300 词皆可，最多不超过 300 词。指示性摘要以 150 ～ 200 词为宜。摘要后面应有三四个关键词。写摘要时，可以使用简写词，如用SL代替翻译研究中的Source Language，但第一次出现时，需要标明全称，这样可以节省论文篇幅。摘要多用动词和主动语态，多用第三人称，尽可能不用或少用第一人称。注意时态的用法，描述具有持久应用价值的结果或推断结论时，使用现在时态；描述具体的操作变量，用过去时态。尽量避免各种时态混用。实验型的论文摘要可以描写所研究的问题、受试者或参试者的特征、实验方法、结果、结论、意义等，理论类或综述类的论文摘要可描写主题、目的、论点、文章结构、资料来源、结论等，描述阐释类的论文摘要可描写方法的类别、特征、范围、表现等。
英文摘要常用的句型表达主要有：
（1）This thesis argues (demonstrates)…
（2）This thesis explores (probes into)…
（3）This thesis elaborates on (expounds)…
（4）This thesis includes (covers， touches on)…
（5）This thesis aims to (aims at)…
（6）This study focuses on…
（7）This study makes an attempt to touch on…
（8）This study makes a comparison of…
（9）This study offers a discussion of (an overview of， an analysis of)…
（10）This study develops the theory of…
（11）This study considers (deems) in necessary (available) to…
（12）This study is a criticism of…theory in…
（13）This study， on the basis of…，reveals (illustrates)…
（14）Based on…，this study first categorizes…and then tentatively sets out…
（15）The purpose (objective) of this study is to review (explore)…
（16）The thesis tries to give an account of…
（17）In light of…theory， discussion is made about…in this thesis.
本研究探索中国高校大学生选择学习六个非英语第二、三公共外语的多语动机构成，并进行跨语言比较。研究采用序贯混合法设计，对 289 名某高校大学生发放动机问卷，并抽取其中 27 名学生进行后续访谈。量化数据使用因子分析、多元方差分析和单因素方差分析等手段，质性数据使用NVivo 12.0 进行主轴编码。研究结果显示，受试选修非英语外语的最大动机来源是学习经历，其次是文化兴趣和自我区分。在工具型动机、融合型动机、自我区分、文化兴趣四个变量间存在显著跨语言差异。本研究也表明，中国学习者拥有模糊的多语姿态，同时受到全球英语的过滤效应影响。多语动机的跨语言差异体现宏观语言价值体系对社会语言使用和语言教育系统的渗透，凸显了语言学习动机和社会政治文化环境之间的共生关系。本文最后对如何开展“多语并进”的外语教育改革提出了实施建议。
关键词 ：多语学习动机；外语教育改革；二语动机自我系统；多语姿态；跨语言比较
Recently， people are weary of extravagance under the influence of consumer culture.Fortunately most people are often captured by Minimalism and Nostalgia in life. Sarah Waters， a contemporary British women writer， restores the material everyday life of the Victorians in her novel writing of Victorian Trilogy.
On the basis of Mike Feathstone's Consumption Culture of Everyday Life Aesthetics and Raymond Williams’Cultural Materialism， this thesis aims at a kind of cultural analysis of“Old Things Aesthetics”in Sarah Waters’Victorian Trilogy through a close reading of text and theoretical interpretation.
In this thesis， a new concept“Old Things Aesthetics”will be defined first， which refers to a kind of daily life in experience of aesthetic feelings in Victorian Trilogy， including mainly the three levels：clothing， architecture， food and utensil， and ect. Then， aesthetics characteristics of“Old Things Aesthetics”will be demonstrated step by step. Finally，aesthetic value of“Old Things Aesthetics”will be explored further， which presents not only a revolution in clothing， the awakening of female emancipation; but also the social statues and class conflicts in various architecture style， even a homeland complex with a strong sense of nostalgia.
The thesis indicates that the research of“Old Things Aesthetics”will establish a strong connection between history and reality. It enables readers nowadays to cherish the aesthetic value in daily life by recalling and recollecting Victorian history. The thesis also reveals the value of“Old Things Aesthetics”for inspiring people to reflect upon their identity recognitions under a tight social pressure for a health life and happiness pursuit in the future.
Key words ：Sarah Waters; Victorian Trilogy; old things aesthetics; everyday life; a sense of nostalgia
与英文摘要相同的是，关键词（Key Words）的提取主要是便于读者选读及情报检索人员编制二次文献索引。每篇论文在摘要之后应给出 3 ～ 5 个关键词。
关键词的选取要遵循以下四项原则：
（1）要认真分析论文主旨，选出与主旨一致，能概括主旨，使读者能据此大致判断论文研究内容的词或词组。
（2）选词要精练，同义词、近义词不能并列为关键词。
（3）关键词大多从标题中产生，但要注意，如果有的标题并没有提供足以反映论文主旨的关键词，则须再从论文摘要或论文正文中提炼。
（4）关键词应选取专业性特征较强的标识词，而不是一般性的通用词，例如“influence”“principle”“difference”“investigation”“prediction”“comparation”等。
论文目录中的标题可以用短语、名词或句子形式，但注意一定要格式统一，换言之，用短语、名词就要全部用短语、名词，如果选用句子就全部使用句子，千万不要出现短语、名词或句子混用的情况。国内有些大学并不要求学士论文提供目录，只要求提供与正文一致的提纲就可以了。
有关目录的写法，可参考本书第三章中关于论文提纲的写作要求。
毕业论文的“导言（Introduction）”，说白了，就是向你的导师和审阅人介绍四个方面的内容，即：研究背景、研究目的、研究现状、本文拟开展的研究内容。具体说来，主要有以下四点：第一，研究背景：主要是描述该领域的研究概况，往往是一笔带过，不必过分展开。第二，研究目的：说明你为什么要写这篇论文，简要引出该领域需要深入研究的原因。第三，研究现状：综述前人的相关研究结果，找出研究现状存在的问题，以及对开展论文写作的启发。第四，本文拟开展的研究内容：重点介绍本文拟采用的研究方法与研究意义，为正文写作奠定基础。
一般情况下，论文“导言”的写作主要有叙述式、描述式、铺陈式、设问式、驳斥式、引文式。而在实际写作过程中，论文作者通常会选择两种写作方式。第一种写法：领域现状—存在问题—本文的研究思路与方法；第二种写法：课题的研究意义、论文的研究思路与方法。通常情况下，三段式结构的写法最安全，最有效。第一段描述研究背景和重要性；第二段概述研究现状以及存在的问题，要具体解释论文将如何解决过往研究文献中的空缺、失当与不足；第三段就应该快速进入正题，表明论文写作在理论、方法、经验（或政策）等方面具有怎样的贡献和影响。
其实，对于撰写英语学士论文的人来说，中国古代“凤头、猪肚、豹尾”的写作文法也是很有借鉴意义的。这就要求文章开头开门见山，篇幅简短，引人入胜；中间主体部分则做到内容充实，文通句顺，表达清晰；而结尾则短小精悍，寓意深刻，回味无穷。
英文“导言（Introduction）”写作有一些固定的表达句型，学生在平时的写作训练中应该多加模仿，以便日后正式写作时更加得心应手，符合规范要求。
·确定主题的重要性
—Recently， there has been great and creative interest in…
—Recent developments in…have heightened the need for…
—The past decade has seen the rapid development of…in many fields…
·确定研究领域内的争议
—Debate continues about the…for…
—This concept has recently been challenged by…studies.
—The debate about…has gained further prominence with many arguing that…
—Scholars both in China and outside China have long debated the…
·解释以往研究的不足
—Previous studies of…have not dealt with…
—Researchers have not treated…in much detail.
—Most studies in the field of…have only focused on…
—Such approaches， however， have failed to address…
—The research to date has tended to focus on…rather than…
·描述研究目的
—The specific objective of this study was to…
—An objective of this study was to investigate…
—This thesis will examine the way in which the…
—This study sets out to investigate the usefulness of…
—This study seeks to explain the development of…
—This case study seeks to examine the changing nature of…
—The objectives of this study are to determine whether…
·描述研究方法
—Data for this study were collected by using…
—This investigation takes the form of a case study of the…
—By employing qualitative modes of inquiry， I attempt to illuminate the…
—Qualitative and quantitative research designs were adopted to provide…
—Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this investigation.
—A holistic approach is utilized， integrating A， B， and C material to establish…
·描述研究意义
—This study provides new insights into…
—Understanding the link between…and…will help…
—It is hoped that this research will contribute to a deeper understanding of…
—This study aims at contributing to this growing area of research by exploring…
—Therefore， this study makes a major contribution to research on…by demonstrating…
（1）Therefore， the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of…
（2）The objective of the current study was to evaluate…
（3）The present study， therefore， was conducted to quantify the differences in…
（4）Therefore， the objectives of this study were to assess and to compare…
（5）The aim of our study was to investigate the process of…on the basis of…
（6）However， a knowledge gap still exists regarding…of…
（7）In view of the fact that the…are not clear，…
（8）At present， the…of…due to…are not so clear.
（9）To our knowledge， the…of its…have not yet been reported in…The objectives of this study were to estimate the…of…and its associations with…in…Results from this study could facilitate further exploration in the use of…for…management and…selection in…
（10）…a better understanding of the…with the phases of…is needed. Moreover， this study could lead to new…of…for changes of…
下面两则“导言（Introduction）”的写作，言简意赅，开门见山地点明了研究的背景、研究的现状、拟研究的对象和问题（不难想象，接下来的写作就会很顺手）。
【例 1】
Much attention has been paid over the last decades to racial inequalities in TESOL.Indeed， there can be little arguing against the position that many social practices linked to the teaching and learning of English are embedded in racialized discourses. There is clear evidence that the“native speaker”vs.“non-native speaker”（NS vs. NNS）dichotomy，widely relied upon in both academic and professional discourse despite its many problematic aspects（Dewaele， 2017）.…
[…]
【例 2】
Preparing for back-to-school is essential for a good learning environment and high teaching quality. It is not an easy task because many different people are involved in the process and have different needs. The pandemics， such as COVID-19，make the preparation even more complicated. For example， people may worry about their safety， which is rarely a problem before.
To better prepare for back-to-school during a pandemic， we should have a holistic understanding of the complicated situation. Specifically， we need to know who is involved in the preparation and what people worry about. Previous research has studied the back-to school preparation before regular school seasons in different aspects. The researchers revealed that school administrators（Tierney and Jun， 2001），educators（Cooper and Alvarado， 2006），and parents（Norvillitis and MacLean， 2010）are all involved in the preparation， but they have different concerns. Researchers also demonstrated that the concerns are different during the pandemic compared to those in regular time. Flack et al.（2020）showed that educators mostly focus on student well-being and access to the technologies and the Internet under the crises. Levinson et al.（2020）collected parents’concerns， demonstrating that parents worry about students'safety and health.In Schlesselman， Cain， and DiVall's study（2020），students were concerned about the possibility of being infected and unafforded tuitions. However， these studies focused on only an individual group of people involved in the preparation， and few studies provide us an overall view of the preparation during the pandemic that includes all parties and their concerns.
Traditional research methods， such as the survey or the interview， can hardly generate a holistic view of the back-to-school preparation during the pandemic for two seasons. Firstly，they must target groups of people（e. g.，students or teachers）before designing the study，and they cannot explore which groups are involved if not knowing ahead. Secondly，traditional study methods can hardly cover too many people due to the high cost， introducing significant bias. For example， if we study ten people and all of them are students or educators， we may conclude that only students and educators are concerned about preparing back-to-school， which may not be the fact. It is desirable to employ open discussions on the topic to generate a concise overview of back-to-school preparation during a pandemic.
To fill the above gaps， we used Twitter， which is one of the most active social media and includes open and informative discussions on the COVID-19 pandemic（Chen， Lerman and Ferrara， 2020），to study who is…
[…]
论文的结语（Conclusion）有时像金字塔，上小下大。论文作者在简要地总结论文的主要观点后，往往会展望未来，对未来做出预测或提出建设性意见，以及提出如何深入研究相关问题等。诚然，论文的结尾绝不是引言或标题的重复，应明确强调论文中最重要的观点或结论。例 1 用三个段落回应了前文，提升了论点，强调了价值和意义，呼吁了未来研究的走向或趋势，是一篇非常值得借鉴的“结尾”范例。例 2则用了五个段落对全文核心问题做了总结与归纳，在此基础上提出了L2 vocabulary teaching的未来路径和方案。
【例 1】
Individual differences form an important piece of the puzzle to our understanding of how serious games work and how to improve them. Individual differences are consequently a popular focus in some circles of serious game research. The authors use them here as a counterpoint to draw attention to a neglected collection of factors at the other end of the spectrum， and the accompanying unresolved questions. Although there are many studies about maximizing individual learning efficiency， little is known about maximizing knowledge saturation in a population.
MSL is an application for which exploratory games are almost uniquely suited， playing to their strengths. MSL is defined as education designed to occur with minimal maintenance and management， to allow it to be equally effective for a large number of unspecified individuals in uncontrolled circumstances.This paper examined its constituent components and implications， giving an overview of what is known about each component. The authors have detailed the mechanisms and factors that determine if MSL is relevant and effective for a given context， and have identified the knowledge gaps and unresolved questions of MSL，specifying areas in much need of additional research. The authors derived some initial guidelines that can be applied by practitioners in the field， but this is clearly a neglected area in much need of scientific attention.
More research is needed to establish what design features are necessary or sufficient for unguided learning to take place on the individual level， and…
【例 2】
This study compares two approaches to the L2（second language）vocabulary teaching，that is， individual approach and interactive approach. Although both the two approaches can help L2 students to learn new words， the interactive approach may have a stronger impact on their long-term retention of new words. However， a serious question on the use of the interactive approach is：how can L2 teachers incorporate this approach into an already demanding curriculum with limited class time?
Perhaps integrating the interactive approach with the individual approach will reduce the number of target words covered each time and increase students’exposure to target words in a rich， varied and meaningful context within an acceptable time frame， making the L2 vocabulary teaching more efficient and less time-consuming. Thus， by choosing and limiting the size of target words wisely， L2 teachers can plan lessons， classroom activities and homework assignments that will give their students maximum encounters with target words within a reasonable time frame. According to Zimmerman（2003），L2 students highly value the classroom activities and homework assignments that present new words in meaningful contexts that not only introduce various properties and features of new words， but also indicate how these new words are used in writing.
The L2 vocabulary teaching may need to be coordinated with grammar teaching and reading activities， as learning the relationship between words in a sentence gives students vital clues to the meanings and parts of speech of new words in context. And L2 students should be taught to interact not only with the sentence where a new word occurs， but also with the neighboring sentences and paragraphs.
Along with grammar teaching and reading activities， L2 teachers might also need to incorporate phonetic aspects of target words into vocabulary teaching， since the phonetic aspects of a word require students to process the word in a way that differs from those used in reading and writing. Hearing the pronunciation of a target word and producing a target word orally will help L2 students to perceive and decode the meaning of the target word through their auditory processes（cf. Zimmerman， 2003）. Thus， L2 teachers should encourage their students to use target words verbally.
To sum up， the L2 vocabulary learning is a multifaceted task， cannot be accomplished via incidental or accidental contact with new words alone， and， therefore， should not be relegated to the memorization of definitions of new words only. Accordingly， the L2 vocabulary teaching should enjoy an equal status with the teaching of grammar， reading and writing.
毋庸置疑，学士论文的写作需要他人的帮助和支持，特别是指导老师、同学、家人、图书或网络管理人员等，论文完成之时应该对他们表示由衷的感谢。论文的致谢（Acknowledgements）通常置于正文后的末页，也有学校要求放在论文扉页之后的。致谢词多用一般现在时、现在完成时来表达。
致谢词常用的句型表达有：
第一，感谢提出建议和给予帮助的指导老师或其他老师。
（1）I thank…for comments on the manuscript.
（2）In addition， I am grateful to…for their valuable suggestions， and to…for her patience and good counsel.
（3）For help in the technical assistance， I thank…
（4）I thank the following people for their helpful comments on drafts of this thesis…
（5）In addition， I wish to thank…for his valuable suggestions.
（6）For their encouragement， support， and research assistance， I would like to thank those who have contributed substantially to the completion of this thesis…
第二，感谢赞助单位或个人。
（1）Support for this program（project， study）is provided by…
（2）Funding for this program（project， study）is provided by…
（3）I thank…for giving financial support for this study of…
（4）Additional support is provided by…
（5）Research for this study was partially supported by…
（6）This research was funded by…
第三，感谢提供资料的单位或个人。
（1）Data were supplied（provided）by…
（2）Permission to quote from…materials protected by copyright has been granted by…
（3）I am greatly appreciated for the permission to quote from…materials protected by copyright…
第四，感谢其他朋友或个人。
（1）I also owe an obligation to…for…
（2）Also I wish to thank…for their courtesies…
（3）Thanks are also extended to…who…
（4）I wish to thank…for his…
致谢词样例
This thesis would not be accomplished without a support or an assistance that I have received from my supervisor， Professor Lu Daofu， who has helped me work out an outline of the thesis. During the writing， Professor Lu has always been providing me with many a valuable suggestions on how to organize the ideas by accumulating and using materials. I would like， first and foremost， to extend my greatest appreciation to Professor Lu，not only for his enlightened guidance in my thesis， but his meticulous class teaching and lectures during the four years of my study at the University.
Secondly， I am extremely grateful to some teachers who taught me various classes during my stay at the University.
Thirdly， I wish to express my heartfelt thanks to my parents and friends， who have offered me big support and endless encouragement to my university study.
Finally， my gratitude should also go to the library and Internet that supply me with up to-date references and ideas-sharing all the time.
论文的展开方式多种多样，但一般会围绕主题思想先作文献综述，然后讨论分析，最后得出结论。通常情况下，引用他人的文献时，往往会采用直接引用（Quotation）、重述（Paraphrase）、写概要（Summary）三种方法。直接引用一般是在所引用的文字不是很长的情况下使用；而重述则是用别的词语来重述他人文献里的语句；写概要主要是用简明的形式，通过减少或保留其要点来对资料内容进行描述（可参阅本书第三章第二节）。论文的展开还可采用分类分析法、定量分析法、个案分析法等。此外，举例、下定义、比较与对照、解释、描述等写作方法也都很常用。
论文的过渡主要是指语篇衔接的显性手段。顺序、比较、对照、因果、举例、概括、明确、态度、总结、解释、递进、条件等所使用的连词（副词）、短语（词组）对论文的起、承、转、合也都能够起到很大的连贯作用。
（1）Time/order：at first， eventually， finally， first， firstly， in the end， in the first place， lastly， later， next， second， secondly， to begin with
（2）Comparison/similar ideas：in comparison， in the same way， similarly
（3）Contrast/opposite ideas：but， despite， in spite of， even so， however， in contrast， in spite of this， nevertheless， on the contrary， on the other hand， still， whereas（4）Cause and effect：accordingly， as a consequence， as a result， because， because of this， consequently， for this reason， hence， in consequence， in order to， owing to this，since， so， so that， therefore， thus
（5）Examples：for example， for instance， such as， thus， as follows
（6）Generalization：as a rule， for the most part， generally， in general， normally，on the whole， in most cases， usually
（7）Stating the facts：after all， as one might expect， clearly， it goes without saying， naturally， obviously， of course， surely
（8）Attitude：admittedly， certainly， fortunately， luckily， oddly， enough， strangely enough， undoubtedly， unfortunately
（9）Summary/conclusion：finally， in brief， in conclusion， in short， overall， so，then， to conclude， to sum up
（10）Explanation/equivalence：in other words， namely， that is to say， this means，to be more precise， to put it another way
（11）Addition：apart from this， as well as， besides， furthermore， in addition，moreover， nor， not only…but also…
（12）Condition：in that case， in this case， then
（13）Support：actually， as a matter of fact， in fact， indeed
（14）Contradiction：actually， as a matter of fact， in fact
（15）Emphasis：chiefly， especially， in detail， in particular， mainly， notably，particularly
众所周知，学士论文贵乎论，无“论”，难以成其“文”。一篇学士论文应该有其总论点或中心论点，它是论文的核心，是贯穿论文的主线。论文的论点应该做到准确、新颖、有内涵。但是，总论点还需从各个不同侧面进行论述，这就是分论点，分论点往往借助于论文中的小标题表现出来。论据是立论的根据，论据可分为事例型论据、数据型论据、理论型论据等。
事例型论据是反映客观事物的材料，是具有代表性的事实和现象。例如，有学生在论文中讨论习语的特点时指出：Idioms sometimes break the English grammatical rules，such as“Diamond cut diamond”. The predicate should be single， but it is in plural form.And the idiom“to make believe”uses two verbs continuously without a conjunction.
数据型论据主要指事物发展过程中，人们所作的统计，记载的数据、百分比等。《英语文体学引论》在分析公众演讲时，提出美国总统罗斯福的就职演说与美国民权运动领袖马丁·路德·金的著名演说I Have a Dream有共同的特点，用的就是这种论据，两篇演讲词的句子长度比日常谈话、即席解说、商业广告等文体都有明显的增加。如表 4-1 所示：
表 4-1 英语演讲特征对比表
理论型论据主要指那些公认的理论、观点、方法等，具有权威性。例如，有位同学在描写中诗英译的困难时，引用了I. A. Richards的名言写道：Ancient Chinese poetry is the gem of Chinese and the crystallization of beauty. Yet， little is known by the foreigners，because of the difference between Chinese and English. Interlingual communication， as described by I. A. Richards， is“very probably the most complex type of event yet produced in the evolution of the cosmos”. It is particularly true of the translation of ancient Chinese poetry into English.
论据是从材料中精心提炼出来的，应该与论点保持一致，要有说服力，不能偏离论点，要删除与论点无关的部分，论据要充分、可靠、典型，这样才能做好论证。论证是指引用论据来证明论点的真实性的论述过程，是由论据证明论点时，通过分析、阐释进行的推理过程。
Rod W. Horton和Herbert W. Edwards在The Sad Young Men一文中探讨“悲哀的青年一代”存在的现象与特点时指出：“The intellectuals of the Twenties， the sad young men， as F. Scott Fitzgerald called them， cursed their luck but didn't die， escaped but voluntarily returned， flayed the Babbitts but loved their country， and in so doing gave the nation the liveliest， freshest， most stimulating writing in its literary experience.”这是文章的论题，也是文章的中心论点。围绕中心论点，文章建立了四个分论点：①The rejection of Victorian gentility was， in any case， inevitable（Para. 3）; ②The rebellion started with World War Ⅰ（Para. 5）; ③Greenwich Village set the pattern（Para. 7）; ④Meanwhile， the true intellectuals were far from flattered（Para. 9）。这四个分论点分别在各段的开头，也就是主题句（Topic Sentence），它们从不同的侧面对中心论点进行论述，我们来看一看第一个分论点是如何论证的：
The rejection of Victorian gentility was， in any case， inevitable. The booming of American industry， with its gigantic， roaring factories， its corporate impersonality， and its large scale aggressiveness， no longer left any room for the code of polite behavior and well bred morality fashioned in a quieter and less competitive age. War or no war， as the generations passed， it became increasingly difficult for our young people to accept standards of behavior that bore no relationship to the bustling business medium in which they were expected to battle for success. The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure， and by precipitating our young people into a pattern of mass murder it released their inhibited violent energies which， after the shooting was over， were turned in both Europe and America to the destruction of an obsolescent nineteenth-century society.
Thus in a changing world youth was faced with the challenge of bringing our mores up to date. But at the same time it was tempted， in America at least， to escape its responsibilities and retreat behind an air of naughty alcoholic sophistication and a pose of Bohemian immorality. The faddishness， the wild spending of money on transitory pleasures and momentary novelties， the hectic air of gaiety， the experimentation in sensation sex，drugs， alcohol， perversions were all parts of the pattern of escape， an escape made possible by a general prosperity and a post-war fatigue with politics， economic restrictions， and international responsibilities. Prohibition afforded the young the additional opportunity of making their pleasures illicit， and the much-publicized orgies and defiant manifestoes of the intellectuals crowding into Greenwich Village gave them a pattern and a philosophic defense for their escapism. And like most escapist sprees， this one lasted until the money ran out，until the crash of the world economic structure at the end of the decade called the party to a halt and forced the revelers to sober up and face the problems of the new age.
不难看出，在上述两段论证中，作者首先提出分论点——维多利亚式的温文尔雅已经过时，抛弃旧的传统无可避免。然后运用具有代表性的事例型论据进行论证——美国工业的飞速发展、庞大的工厂、社会化大生产带来的非人性化、争强好胜的意识形态，所有这些都使维多利亚式的道德风尚没有栖身之地。无论有没有战争，年轻一代都很难在这种喧嚣的商业社会中接受与现代社会格格不入的行为准则，而战争只不过起到了催化剂的作用，加速了维多利亚式社会结构的崩溃，年轻人把潜藏在体内的狂暴力量倾泻在战争中，战争结束后，又将毁灭的情绪发泄到欧美日趋腐朽的社会中。在第一自然段中，作者在事实的基础上进行了逻辑推理，紧扣主题，使论据与论点达到高度统一，说明了年轻人与社会的必然矛盾。在第二自然段中，作者由此顺理成章地推断：年轻一代面临着传统与现实的挑战，许多年轻人选择了逃避的方式。作者列举了以酒自娱、性行为、吸毒等多种事例进一步阐述，最终实现论证分论点的作用，说明了抛弃维多利亚式温文尔雅传统的必然性。其他三个分论点也从不同角度，深入进行了分析阐述，完成了对论题的论证，即“悲哀的青年一代”在复杂的历史进程中，诅咒过自己的命运，但并没有消亡；虽然试图逃避现实，但还是自愿回来；他们痛斥美国社会的市侩，但对其祖国则充满热爱，正是他们，创作出美国文学中最富有生气、最令人耳目一新、最激动人心的文学作品。
一篇学士论文从开题报告到最后完成定稿，需要下很大工夫，要几易其稿。交给导师的第一稿往往要做很大的修改，与导师的互动是非常重要的。然而，有的学生认识不到这一点，到论文答辩的那一天，才将论文初稿交给导师，却发现论文不合格，最后连修改的时间都没有。
一般说来，论文初稿有可能存在这样一些问题，例如，文字不通顺，有许多语法错误；缺乏逻辑性，材料东拼西凑；格式不规范，特别是引用和参考文献的格式；本末倒置，自己研究问题的讨论分析只占论文的很小比例，大部分是抄袭他人的材料；空中楼阁，凭空构想出一种理论，完全没有任何理论或论据做支撑；没有研究方法，不知如何才能得出研究结果；理论脱离实际，生吞活剥而来的理论与自己的论文内容丝毫不沾边；缺乏自己的独立见解和分析。
当然，论文初稿出现的问题远远不只这些，凡是导师指出的问题都应着力解决，出现问题并不可怕，只要正确对待，与导师共同商量改进方法，就一定会写出好的论文。写第二稿时，要重新检查论文结构，看看内容表达是否清晰连贯，语言质量是否过关，计算机的Word文档会自动检查英语语法和词汇拼写，遇到标有红线或绿线的词语或句子时，要认真思考是否需要改进。有关引用和参考文献的格式，可参阅本书第五章的范例，认真核对，检查修正。
论文修改时要多问自己一些问题。例如，论文的论题句是否简洁明确？提纲中遗漏了什么？论证的阐述是否合乎逻辑？资料的引用有没有剽窃的嫌疑？论据是否充足，是否有根据？论文的写作目的与要点是否表达清楚？段落的开始有没有主题句？有没有不符合语法的句子？有无啰唆重复的词语和句子？句子的长短有没有变换？段落之间的衔接是否顺畅？引文是否正确无误？是否尽量避免缩写？Meyer（1985）在其 The Little Brown Guide to Writing Research Papers 一书中提出的论文修改清单（TheRevision Checklist）对我们修改论文很有帮助。
1. Is your thesis—the point of the paper clear?
2. Have you included enough information to support the thesis?
3. Is there any extraneous information that should be deleted?
4. Does the body of your paper develop logically and appear well organized？Is it unified and coherent?
5. Is your material proportioned effectively so that important elements are emphasized?
6. Have you documented all the borrowed words， facts， and ideas you have used?
7. Is your introduction interesting and does it give the reader a clear sense of what the paper is about?
8. Have you quoted excessively when a paraphrase or summary would be better?
9. Is your tone appropriate for the subject matter and the audience?
10. Are your points made clearly and concisely？Do you use concrete examples to illustrate your points?
11. Have you maintained a consistent point of view that does not shift from you to him or her?
12. Does your conclusion end the paper effectively?
13. Does your title engage the reader and suggest the nature of the topic?
1. Does each paragraph develop logically and have a central point to make？Is the point related to the thesis?
2. Are your paragraphs adequately developed？Are there any paragraphs only one or two sentences in length?
3. Are any of your paragraphs too long？Can they be divided？
4. Are there smooth transitions between your paragraphs?
5. Are you satisfied that each sentence in the paragraph relates to its central point?
1. Are your sentences varied in length?
2. Are they clear and complete？Are there any run-on sentences， comma splices， or fragments?
3. Are modifiers near what they modify?
4. Are your sentences varied in form？Are there simple， complex， and compound sentences？Have you used coordination， subordination， and parallelism for variety and emphasis?
5. Have you used transitions where they are needed?
6. Have you correctly punctuated each sentence?
7. Are any of your sentences wordy or vague？Can any of them be written more concisely?
1. Have you used a dictionary for the spelling or definition of any words unfamiliar to you?
2. Have you used any words inappropriately（e. g.，“imply”for“infer”）?
3. Is your choice of words clear， accurate， and precise?
4. Have you used the appropriate word in context？Is it too formal or informal？
5. Have you avoided jargon or over technical words?
如果上述清单中的所有问题都解决了，并且与导师进行意见交流后也达成了一致，那么，恭贺你，你的论文算是大功告成了。