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Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.
1 In the 20th century, language teaching and learning practice hasbeen influenced by three different views of language: the ________ view, the ________view and the ________ view.
【答案】 structural，functional interactional，critical
【解析】 20世纪语言教学和语言学习受三种语言观的影响：结构主义语言观，功能交互语言观，批判语言观。
2 Skinner suggested that language is also a form of ______.
【答案】 behaviour
【解析】 斯金纳认为，语言也是一种行为。
3 According to Chomsky, language is not a form of behaviour, it isan intricate ______ system and a large part of language acquisition is thelearning of this system.
【答案】 rule-based
【解析】 乔姆斯基认为，语言并不是一种行为，而是一套精密的以规则为基础的系统，语言习得主要是学习这一系统。
4 The ______ theory believes that learning is a process in whichthe learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences and what he/shealready knows.
【答案】 constructivist
【解析】 结构主义认为，语言学习是学习者基于自己已有的知识和经验建构意义的过程。
5 The functional view not only sees language as a ______ system butalso a ______ for doing things.
【答案】 linguistic,means/tool
【解析】 功能主义语言观认为语言不仅仅是一套语言系统，还是做事的工具。
6 Halliday proposes a theory of metafunctions of language, that is,language has ______, interpersonal and textual functions. [中山大学2008研]
【答案】 ideational
【解析】 韩理德将儿童的语言功能范围逐渐缩小，简化成为一套高度符号化和抽象化的功能：概念、人际、语篇功能。
7 The term ______ is often used loosely to describe methods inwhich students are asked to think rather than simply repeat. [安徽师大2019研]
【答案】 cognitivism
【解析】 本题考查认知主义的内涵。“认知主义”这一术语主要指的是老师要求学生思考，而非仅仅重复。
Ⅱ. Multiple Choice
1 Which of the following is NOT true abouthow people learn a foreign language?
A. Peoplestarted learning a foreign language at different ages.
B. People learnlanguages for different reasons.
C. People learnlanguages in the same way.
D. Learning can be affected by the way how language is taught.
【答案】 C
【解析】 调查发现，人们开始学习一门外语的年龄是不同的，人们学习外语的原因也是不同的，而且人们学习语言的方式也不同。同时，语言的学习受语言教学方式的影响。因此，本题的正确答案为C。
2 Which of the following statement is NOTtrue about audio-lingual method?
A. It is not usedin the world today.
B. Language islearned by constant repetition and the reinforcement of the teacher.
C. Mistakes wereimmediately corrected.
D. Correctutterances were immediately praised.
【答案】 A
【解析】 听说法是语言教学法的一种。它认为，语言是通过不断的重复和教师的加强学习的。在听说法教学中，教师会立即指出学生的语言错误，立即表扬学生的正确言语。听过法仍然在世界的许多地方被采用。因此，本题的正确答案为A。
Ⅲ. True or False
1 In Krashen’s Monitor Model of second language development,learning is not conscious and does not occur in formal situations or throughformal grammatical rules, while acquisition is a conscious process marked bythe presence of error correction and rule isolation.
【答案】 F
【解析】 Krashen认为，学习（learning）是一个有意识的过程，表现在修正错误（error correction）和孤立规则（rule isolation），而习得（acquisition）是一个无意识的过程。
2 The interactional view of language does not consider language ascommunicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relationsbetween people.
【答案】 F
【解析】 交互主义语言观认为语言是一种交际工具，其主要用途是建立和维持人与人之间的社会关系。
3 The structural view of language sees language as a linguisticsystem made up of various subsystems.
【答案】 T
【解析】 结构主义语言观（the structuralview of language）认为语言是由多个子系统构成的语言系统。
4 Generally, a language system includes three aspects:pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary.
【答案】 T
【解析】 语言系统一般包括三个方面：语音、语法和词汇。
5 The influential result of the behaviourism is the audio-lingualmethod.
【答案】 T
【解析】 听说法的产生是行为主义影响的结果。
6 The socio-constructivist theory of language learningemphasizes interaction and engagement with the target language in a socialcontext based on the concept of ‘Zone of Proximal Development’ and scaffolding. [温州大学2017研]
【答案】 T
【解析】 与建构主义理论相似，以维果茨基为代表的社会建构主义理论强调学生应当在基于“最近发展区”和支架式教学这一概念的社会环境下，用目标语言交流并参与活动。因此该表述正确。
7 According to behaviourist theory, learning is achange of behavior which can be predicted through the understanding of thelearner’s cognitive process. [杭州师大2015研]
【答案】 F
【解析】 行为主义学习理论是基于刺激-反应的心理学理论，行为主义者认为语言也是一种行为，动物经过训练对刺激有反应，人类也可以一样，因此语言学习的过程也是习惯养成的过程，而不是改变习惯的过程，因此该表述有误。
Ⅳ. Explain the following terms.
1 Functional interactional view
【答案】
The functionalinteractional view defines language not merely as a linguistic system, but alsoas a tool for performing functional activities and interacting with others insocial contexts. It emphasizes the importance of language use in meaningfulcommunication, with a focus on rules appropriate to specific communicativecontexts. Learners are encouraged to use language as a communicative tool tobuild and maintain social relations. This view sees language as discourse,highlighting its functional and interactive nature.
2 Structural view of language [温州大学2022研]
【答案】
The structuralview refers to a perspective or representation that emphasizes the organizationand arrangement of the components or elements within a system, focusing on howthese parts are interconnected and related to form the overall structure. Itprovides an understanding of the hierarchy, relationships, and layout of thesystem’s components, allowing for insights into its stability, functionality,and efficiency.
3 Behaviorist Theory of language learning [温州大学2017研]
【答案】
Behavioristtheory is rooted in the stimulus-response model of psychology and was proposedby behavioral psychologist Skinner. He argued that language is a form ofbehavior that can be learned in the same way an animal is trained to respond tostimuli. This approach to learning is known as behaviorism. One significantoutcome of this theory is the audio-lingual method, which emphasizes repetitive“listen and repeat” drills. The core idea is that language is acquired throughconstant repetition and teacher reinforcement. Errors are immediatelycorrected, and correct responses are promptly praised. This method remainswidely used in many parts of the world today.
4 Socio-cultural Theory [首都师大2018研]
【答案】
Socio-culturaltheory, introduced by Vygotsky, is a theory of mind emphasizing the role ofsocial relationships and culturally constructed artifacts in cognition. Keyterms include “mediation,” referring to the interaction between the mind andthe outside world through material and symbolic means; “Zone of ProximalDevelopment (ZPD),” explaining the gap between an individual’s actual andpotential levels of development; and “internalisation and regulation,”describing the process of making external assistance internally available andtransitioning to self-regulation.
5 Pseudo practice [湖南师大2022研]
【答案】
Pseudo practicerefers to the teaching practice undertaken by trainee teachers as part of theirpre-service education, usually under the supervision of instructors. It servesas a simulation of real classroom teaching. Unlike actual classroom teaching,pseudo practice is a shorter period of time assigned for educational purposes.It allows trainee teachers to try out ideas learned in methodology classes andreflect on their effectiveness, but its benefits hinge on the seriousness ofreflections by the student teachers.
Ⅴ. Essay questions
1 Can you briefly explain Wallace’s ‘reflectivemodel’ to demonstrate the development ofprofessional competence of a foreign language teacher?
【答案】
Yes. In Wallace’s ‘reflectivemodel’, the development of professionalcompetence for a language teacher can be divided into Stage 1, Stage 2, andGoal.
The first stageis language development. All English teachers are supposed to have a soundcommand of English.
The second stageinvolves three sub-stages: learning, practice, and reflection. The learningstage is actually the purposeful preparation that a language teacher normallyreceives before he/she starts the practice of teaching. This preparation caninclude: learning from others’ experiences, learningthe received knowledge, and learning from one’sown experiences as a learner. The practice stage can be understood in twosenses. In one sense, it is a short period of time assigned to do teachingpractice as part of one’s pre-service education,usually under the supervision of instructors, which is also called pseudopractice. In another sense, it is the real classroom teaching that a teacherundertakes after he/she finishes formal education. The reflection stage isinvolved not only after teachers finish a certain period of practice, but alsowhile they are doing the practice. When the would-be teachers (trainees) aredoing pseudo practice, they are likely to reflect on how well a certain idea ortechnique works and often their instructors may require them to do so.
Professionalcompetence as an ultimate goal does not seem to have an end. According to Wallace,actually professional competence is ‘a movingtarget or horizon, towards which professionals travel all their professionallife but which is never finally attained.’Therefore a language teacher must keep on learning, practicing and reflecting.
2 Analyze teacherrole(s) in Total Physical Response. [首都师大2018研]
【答案】
Total physical response (TPR) is a language teaching methoddeveloped by James Asher. It is based on the coordination of language andphysical movement.
In TPR, Teachers as instructors give commands to studentsin the target language with body movements, and students respond withwhole-body actions. The method is an example of the comprehension approach tolanguage teaching. The listening and responding (with actions) serves twopurposes: It is a means of quickly recognizing meaning in the language being learned,and a means of passively learning the structure of the language itself. Grammaris not taught explicitly but can be learned from the language input.
Besides, teachers as demonstrators because when teachersgive sentences as instructions for actions, they first demonstrates theseactions themselves, then they choose members of the class to do them.