



【知识精要】
非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式、动名词和分词,分词又包括现在分词和过去分词。
不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”,有时可以不带to;在句子中不能作谓语,没有人称和数的变化,它具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。
不定式在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。
1.作主语
例: To judge a person byhis appearance is difficult. 依据外表难以评判一个人。
不定式作主语时,往往用it作形式主语,因此上面的句子也可用如下方式表示。
It is difficult to judge a person by his appearance.
2.作表语
例: My dream is tobecome an excellent bilingual interpreter. 我梦想成为一名优秀的双语口译家。
3.作宾语
例: We had hoped tofinish by four o’clock. 我们原希望四点钟前能完成。
4.作宾语补足语
例: I didn’t expect youto arrive here so soon. 我没有料到你会来得这么快。
5.作定语
例: I have nothing totalk about. 我没有什么可说的。
6.作状语
例: She’s working hardto earn money. 她为了挣钱而努力工作。
分词包括现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示:主动,动作正在进行。过去分词表示:被动,动作已经完成。
分词在句中可以作定语、表语、状语和宾语补足语。
1.作定语
例: ①The woman sitting at the desk is his secretary. 坐在桌子旁的女人是他的秘书。
②Have youread the book written by Bing Xin? 你读过冰心写的书吗?
2.作表语
例: ①My car is broken. 我的汽车坏了。
②The storyhe told us is interesting. 他给我们讲的故事很有趣。
3.作宾语补足语
例: ①I heard him singing a song in the classroom. 我听见他在教室里唱歌。
②I have myhair cut once a month. 我每个月剪一次头发。
4.作状语
例: ①Seeing the professor, the students smiled andsaid good morning to him.
看见教授,学生们都向他微笑并说早上好。
②Convincedof the accuracy of the data, I stuck to my opinion.
确信了数据的准确性后,我坚持我的观点。
分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,否则分词前面必须有自己的主语。
动名词由动词加ing构成。动名词既有动词特征,也有名词特征。动名词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语和定语。
1.作主语
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
2.作表语
My hobby is painting. 我的爱好是画画。
3.作宾语
I have finished reading the novel. 我刚读完这本小说。
4.做定语
The reading room is bright and large. 阅览室既明亮又宽敞。
【专项练习】
1.______(为了挣钱供我上学), motheroften takes on more work than is good for her.
2.______(人们喜欢和他一起工作)because hehas a good sense of humor.
3.______(没有得到回复), he decidedto write again.
4.______(将于2014年底完成的这项工程), will expand the city’s telephone network to cover 1, 000,000 users.
5.______(有时候孩子难以将事实与虚构区分开)andmay believe that such things actually exist.
6.______(在一部新电影中被提供了一个重要角色),Andy has a chance to become famous.
7.I like getting up very early in summer. ______(早上的空气如此新鲜利于呼吸).
8.______(把礼物用漂亮的绿纸包装好以后),Sarah departed for the party.
9.______(尽管成长在美国), DaveMitchell had always preferred to record the plain facts of small-town life.
10.______(只努力记住语法规则是没有用的). Youneed to practice what you have learned.
11.The vocabulary and grammatical differencesbetween British and American English are ______(如此琐碎以至于一些很难注意到).
12.It’s easy to blame the decline of conversationon the pace of modern life and on the vague changes ______(发生在我们这个不断变换的世界).
13.As I’ll be away for at least a year, I’dappreciate ______(偶尔收到你的来信告诉我大家的状况).
14.The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trustingand considerate of all Indians but seems ______(对动物的死活无动于衷).
15.When workers are organized in trade unions,employers ______(觉得很难解雇他们).
【答案与解析】
1.[答案] In order to finance my education
[解析] ①in order to加动词原形,表目的;②“供我上学”可以译为financemy study/make money for my study/tuition。
2.[答案] Peopleappreciate working with him
[解析] ①“喜欢”的表达可以为appreciate/like/enjoy,三个词后面都要加动名词做宾语;②“和某人一起工作”work with sb.。
3.[答案] Not having received a reply
[解析] ①“收到回复”通常译为receive a reply;②主句主语he是“没有收到回复”的逻辑主语,两者之间为主动关系,且这一动作发生在主句动作decided to write again之前,所以应用receive的现在完成时态的主动语态,即having received,现在分词的否定形式是在前面直接加not,即nothaving received。
4.[答案] The project to be accomplished by the end of2014
[解析] ①将于2014年底完成的做定语修饰这项工程,两者之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,且完成这一动作发生在将来,所以应该使用to be done 的结构;②“完成”的表达有多种:finish/accomplish/complete。
5.[答案] Sometimes young children have trouble separatingfact from fiction
[解析] ①have trouble (in)ding sth. 结构中应用动名词,表示“做…有困难”;②“将…与…区分开”的表达为separatesth. from sth.。
6.[答案] Offered an important role in a new movie
[解析] offer sb. sth.(主动)提供某人某物,句中主句主语Andy是offer的逻辑主语,两者之间存在着被动关系,所以要用其过去分词形式。
7.[答案]Themorning air is so fresh to breathe
[解析] 在“主语+be+adj.+to do”结构中,动词不定式用主动形式表被动意义;“新鲜”是fresh;“呼吸”是breathe。
8.[答案] Having wrapped the gift in beautiful green paper
[解析] ①“包装”可以用pack/wrap;②因为主句主语Sarah与“包装”wrap是主动关系,所以用现在分词作伴随状语,又因为句子表示过去完成的事情,所以采用having done的形式。
9.[答案] Though raised in America
[解析] 非谓语动词做让步状语,“成长、抚养”raise和主句主语Dave Mitchell之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,所以要使用过去分词形式表被动。
10.[答案] It’s no good trying to remember grammatical rules only
[解析] ①It’s no good/usedoing sth.做…是没有用的;②“努力做某事”tryto do sth.。
11.[答案] so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed
[解析] 不定式短语在so…as结构中做结果状语,difference与notice之间是被动关系。
12.[答案] taking place in our ever-changing world
[解析] “发生”可译为take place/happen,用来修饰change做其定语,两者之间是主动关系,所以应用现在分词作定语。
13.[答案] hearing from younow and then telling me how everyone is getting along
[解析] ①appreciate后面接动名词形式,即ing形式,表示“感激…”;②“告诉我大家的状况”做“收到你的来信”的伴随状语,两者之间是主动关系所以要使用现在分词形式;③“大家的状况”做“告诉”tell的宾语从句;④“近况”的常用表达为get along。
14.[答案] to be indifferent tothe welfare of his animals
[解析] ①seem后面接动词不定式做表语,表示“似乎…”;②“对…无动于衷,漠不关心”的常用表达为be indifferent to;③“动物的死活”即the welfare of animal。
15.[答案] find it hard to lay them off
[解析] ①“觉得某事怎么样”的常用表达为find+形式宾语it+形容词+动词不定式,所以此处应译为find it hard to laythem off;②“解雇某人”的常用表达为lay off/fire/dismiss。