2.4　名词性从句

【知识精要】

名词性从句即在句子中起名词作用的从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。

1 主语从句

主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

①用it 作形式主语的结构

it作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构。

a. It is＋名词＋从句

It is a factthat…事实是…

b. It is＋形容词＋从句

It is amazingthat…令人惊讶的是…

c. It＋不及物动词＋从句

It seems that…似乎…

It happenedthat…碰巧…

d. It＋过去分词＋从句

It issaid/reported that…据说/据报道…

②what与that在引导主语从句时的区别

what引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语、宾语、表语，而that则不然。

例： a. What you said yesterday is wrong.

你昨天说的不对。

b. That shecomes from USA is unidentified.

她是否来自美国还未确定。

2 宾语从句

宾语从句在句子中充当宾语，从句使用陈述句语序，通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。①作动词的宾语

a. 直接放在动词之后

例： He doesn’t know how to go to the bank.

他不知道怎么去银行。

b. 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句

例： She told me that she can’t go to party.

她告诉我她不能去聚会了。

②作介词的宾语

例： Our success relies on how well we can cooperate with one another.

我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。

③ it可以作为形式宾语

it可以作为形式宾语而将真正的宾语that从句放在句尾。

例： We heard it that he will come from abroad. 我们听说他要从国外回来。

④否定的转移

当主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，宾语从句如果有否定意义，则要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。

例： I don’t think you are right.

我认为你不对。

3 表语从句

从句放在be, look, remain, seem等系动词之后即构成了表语从句，一般结构为“主语＋系动词＋表语从句”，引导表语从句的that常可省略。此外，常用的还有the reason is that…和It is because...等结构。

例： a. The fact is we have lost the game.

事实是我们输了比赛。

b. This is whywe have to go by air.

这就是我们为什么要坐飞机走的原因。

c. The reason heis late for school is that he got up late.

他上学迟到是因为起床晚了。

4 同位语从句

同位语从句是对与之同位的名词中心词作进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，可接同位语从句的名词有：fact, news, problem, idea, decision, thought等。

例： a. The thought that his friends might have lost their way scaredhim.

想到他的朋友可能迷了路把他吓了一跳。

b. I have noidea when he will come back.

我不知道他什么时候回来。

【专项练习】

1．______（抢劫案发生那天他们和谁联系了）is ofgreat interest to the police.

2．______（证据表明）specific speechsounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.

3．______（他们很需要帮助）is quiteclear.

4．______（鲁迅的小说中最感人的东西）is thebravery with which ordinary people struggle to maintain their dignity.

5．The president explained that ______（税收的目的是为政府开支提供资金）.

6．The European Union countries were once worried______（他们将会没有足够的石油供应）.

7．The team leader of mountain climbers marked out______（似乎是最好的路线）.

8．He was in extreme state of distress anddepression when he knew ______（他患上了肺癌）.

9．The panel will consider ______（是否他犯有严重渎职罪）.

10．Most of the young people hold the mistakenbelief ______（自己国家生产的产品比进口的质量差）.

11．It is doubtful ______（他是否会来参加他最好朋友的葬礼）as he has taken the town’s money and made off with it.

12．Those who support violence on television claimthat ______（它可以帮助观众以一种无害的方式摆脱自己的情感）.

13．Talk to anyone in the drug industry, and you’llsoon discover that ______（遗传学对医药研究影响最大）since penicillin was discovered.

14．We should always keep in mind that ______（草率的决定往往导致痛苦的悔恨）.

15．Craig assured his boss that ______（他会不遗余力地做这项新的工作）.

【答案与解析】

1．[答案] Who/Whom they were in contact with on the day of the robbery

[解析] ①首先确定句子缺少主语，所以翻译部分可处理为主语从句，从句引导词在句中做宾语，所以由连接代词who/whom 引导；②“与某人联系”的常用表达为be in contact with sb.；③“抢劫案发生那天”，具体时间点，应该用介词on，因此可以译为on the day of robbery。

2．[答案]Evidence came up that

[解析] ①考查同位语从句，题干部分做证据“evidence”的同位语，引导同位语从句的引导that不可省略；②“表明”的翻译为come up。

3．[答案] That they are badly in need of help

[解析] ①考查主语从句，引导词that不可省略；②“很需要帮助”可以译为be badly in need of help/ingreat need of help。

4．[答案] What is most touching in Lu Xun’s novels

[解析]考查由what引导的主语从句，其中“感人的”可以译为touching/ moving。

5．[答案] thepurpose of taxation was to finance government spending

[解析] 考查宾语从句。be to do 表示“目的是…”；“为…提供资金”可用动词finance表达。

6．[答案] that they would not have sufficient supplies ofpetroleum

[解析] 考查宾语从句和过去将来时态。“石油供应”可译为supply of petroleum，注意石油的拼写。

7．[答案] what seemed to be the best route

[解析] 翻译部分是一个宾语从句，其中宾语从句的引导词应是what，它既可以在主句中引导宾语从句，又可以在句中做主语，相当于名词＋that，即the route that。

8．[答案] that he had contracted lung cancer

[解析] 考查宾语从句。①“患上肺癌”在主句动作知道之前，所以要使用动词的现在完成时态；②“患上…病”所用的动词为contract；“肺癌”lung cancer。

9．[答案] whether or not hehas been guilty of serious professional misconduct

[解析] 考查宾语从句。①“是否”的常用表达为whether or not；②“犯有…罪”可译为be guilty of/commit；③“严重渎职罪”可译为serious professionalmisconduct/malpractice。

10．[答案] that goods produced in our own country areinferior to imported ones

[解析] ①翻译部分做belief的同位语从句，具体解释belief的内容；②“自己国家生产的产品”可处理为一个含有过去分词的名词性短语，即products/goodsproduced in our own country；③“比…差，劣等的”可译为be inferior to。

11．[答案] whether he will come to attend his best friend’s funeral

[解析] 考查主语从句。①It is doubtful 句型中，it做形式主语，真正的主语是后面的从句；②表达“是否”含义的连词是whether，注意其拼写；③“参加某人的葬礼等”所用的动词是attend，同时要注意“葬礼”funeral的拼写。

12．[答案] it helps the viewer to get rid of his feelings in a harmless way

[解析] 考查宾语从句。①“摆脱，去除”的常用表达为get rid of；②“以一种无害的方式”可译为in aharmless way。

13．[答案] genetics is the biggest thing to hit drugresearch

[解析] 考查宾语从句。①“遗传学”应译为genetics，注意其拼写；②“对…造成重大影响”可使用动词hit或动词词组exert a great influence on。

14．[答案] hasty decisions often lead to bitter regrets

[解析] ①考查宾语从句，翻译部分做keep的宾语。②“草率的决定”为hasty decision；③“导致”lead to，“痛苦的悔恨”bitter regret。

15．[答案] he would spare no efforts to do this new job

[解析] 考查宾语从句。“不遗余力地做某事”的常用表达为spare no efforts to dosth.。 tuY3g/InzwkJBcGjZXcl2jkkDJ2qpbEfj53SBVoyBGPCY2k3J0+Wl8qK1oete6na