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3.1 主谓分离

这一节我们来讲 主谓分离 。最典型的主谓分离结构是因为主语中心词带有复杂的修饰成分,比如接了各种后置定语,从而导致主语中心词与谓语动词分隔较远。请看考研真题例句:

真题 A study last year by the National Center for Science Education, a non-profit group of scientists and teachers, looking at how state public schools across the country address climate change in science classes, gave barely half of US states a grade B+ or higher. (2023年英语一Text 1)

解析 这句话的核心主谓是A study … gave …,主语中心词A study本身很短,但其后带了几个修饰它的成分:第一个是定语last year;第二个是定语by the National Center for Science Education,其后接该机构的同位语a non-profit group of scientists and teachers;第三个是分词短语充当的定语looking at how state public schools across the country address climate change in science classes。然后才出现谓语动词gave,该动词接双宾语:间接宾语是barely half of US states,直接宾语是a grade B+ or higher。

译文 (美国)国家科学教育中心(一个由科学家和教师组成的非营利组织)去年进行的一项研究调查了全美国公立学校是如何在科学课上教授气候变化的,结果只有勉强一半的州获得了B+或更高的分数。

真题 Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent—and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance—have jumped eightfold in just one generation. (2007年Text 3)

解析 这里as引导一个原因状语从句,该从句主语是odds,其后of引导的作定语的介词短语很长,分隔了主语与谓语have jumped。另外,破折号中间的and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance这个短语是插入语,对a weak elderly parent进行补充说明。关于and连接插入语,详解参见 第10章并列结构10.1.6节

译文 甚至人口统计数据也对中产家庭不利,因为这些家庭可能有一位年迈体弱的父/母(以及随之而来的在身体上和经济上需要给予他们照顾)的概率在仅仅一代人的时间里就猛增了八倍。

有时是因为在主语与谓语动词之间插入了其他句子成分,比如各种状语,从而导致主谓分隔较远。请看考研真题例句:

真题 It has been estimated that this generation due to the pressures of technology, the wish for personal fulfilment and desire for diversity will work for 17 different employers over the course of their working life and have five different careers. (2022年英语一Text 2)

解析 这句话中,主语从句的主语是this generation,本身很短,但它与谓语动词will work之间插入了长长的复合介词due to引导的短语:due to the pressures of technology, the wish for personal fulfilment and desire for diversity。这个介词短语作原因状语,修饰will work … and have …。

译文 据估计,由于科技带来的压力、对个人自我实现的愿望及对人生多样性的渴望,这一代人在其职业生涯中将会服务于17个不同的雇主,并从事5种不同的职业。

有时,主语本身极为复杂,例如存在多个并列主语,使得其后的谓语动词迟迟不出现,导致主谓分隔较远。请看考研真题例句:

真题 But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. (2015年英语一翻译48题)

解析 谓语动词是caused,其前的主语是分别以force、interplay及difficulty为中心词的三个并列的名词短语:

the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America

the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another

and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent

在第一个名词短语中,形容词短语peculiar to America充当后置定语,修饰conditions。

在第二个名词短语中,介词短语upon one another不是修饰groups,而是修饰interplay。确切来说,该介词短语是对interplay的补充说明,属于名词interplay的补足语。 一般结构是the interplay of X and Y upon/on Z(可以用介词upon或on),基本含义是“X与Y的相互作用对于Z的影响” 。我们来看一个类似的例句:

The hope is that animals can illuminate the murky interplay of genes and the environment on people's personalities. (我们希望,通过对动物的实验,我们可以更加了解基因与环境的相互作用对人类性格的影响。)

the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another是要说明varied national groups之间的相互作用对彼此的影响。

在第三个名词短语中,of后面的maintaining短语用来具体说明difficulty“困难”是什么。

译文 但是,美洲大陆特有的地理条件的影响,欧洲各族移民间的相互影响,以及在一片蛮荒新大陆上维持旧世界(即欧洲大陆)的生活方式的巨大困难,这些都导致了重大的变化。

最后我们来看一个特殊的主语省略的情况。在 嵌入式定语从句 (或者称之为 带有插入语的定语从句 )中,作主语的关系代词有时会被省略。请看下面2025年考研英语二中的真题例句:

真题 U.S. customers historically tipped people they assumed were earning most of their income via tips, such as restaurant servers earning less than the minimum wage.( 2025年英语二Text 1

解析 这里were earning前面的主语是谁呢?也许有人会认为是they(指代U.S. customers),但其实是people。

这里有 嵌入式定语从句 ,并且省去了作主语的关系代词who:

… people ( who ) they assumed were earning most of their income via tips …

为了理解方便,可以认为they assumed是插入语,于是原本的定语从句是:

… people ( who ) were earning most of their income via tips …

这就更加能看清楚were earning前面的主语是关系代词who(指代people),但被省略了。其实,该定语从句来自下面主从复合句:

They assumed (that) the people were earning most of their income via tips …

这里that引导一个宾语从句。对宾语从句中的主语the people进行关系词化,然后用who替换并把who移到they assumed之前,即可得出上面的定语从句。

另外,这里such as是针对people进行的举例:

U.S. customers historically tipped people …, such as restaurant servers earning less than the minimum wage,与people呼应的是名词短语restaurant servers。restaurant servers后接有分词短语earning less than the minimum wage作其后置定语。

译文 美国顾客历来习惯付小费给那些他们认为其大部分收入主要靠小费的人,比如收入低于最低工资的餐厅服务员。

关于嵌入式定语从句的详细构造过程参见 《英语语法新思维:定语从句超精解》 一书中定语从句的相关内容。

考研真题实战演练

下列考研真题句子都存在不同程度的主谓分离,请分析其结构并译成中文。

1. The non-intrusive delivery of the marketing messages in a way that is sensitive to the needs of the target customer is one of the critical challenges to the digital marketer.(2023年英语一翻译50题)

2. I think the question is, shouldn't a developer who's really building a hotel, but disguising it as not a hotel, be treated and taxed and regulated like a hotel?(2023年英语一Text 2)

3. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.(2021年英语一Text 3)

4. One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the senses came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldi's The Four Seasons .(2022年英语一Text 3)

5. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens.(2017年英语一Text 2)

6. Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year—from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley—have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities. (2007年Text 4)

7. Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago's O'Hare International.(2017年英语一Text 1)

答案

1. The non-intrusive delivery of the marketing messages in a way that is sensitive to the needs of the target customer is one of the critical challenges to the digital marketer. (2023年英语一翻译50题)

解析 该句主语是复杂的名词短语The non-intrusive delivery of the marketing messages in a way that is sensitive to the needs of the target customer,主语核心词是delivery。介词短语in a way … 作后置定语修饰delivery,描述信息的传递方式;由that引导的定语从句that is sensitive to the needs of the target customer修饰way。

翻译该句的一个难点在于如何用中文翻译处理这个长长的主语,在翻译时需要根据中文表达的特点将主语拆分成多个小短句。请比较下面的直译和意译。

译文 译文1(直译):以对目标客户需求敏感的方式以非侵入式方式传递营销信息是数字营销人员面临的关键挑战之一。

译文2(意译):在向目标客户传递营销信息时,既要不干扰他们,又要对他们的需求敏感,如何做到这点,是数字营销人员面临的关键挑战之一。

2. I think the question is, shouldn't a developer who's really building a hotel, but disguising it as not a hotel, be treated and taxed and regulated like a hotel? (2023年英语一Text 2)

解析 逗号后的表语从句的谓语动词短语是shouldn't … be treated and taxed and regulated …,主语a developer后边接了长长的定语从句who's really building a hotel, but disguising it as not a hotel,从而导致主谓分隔。另外,该表语从句的谓语动词短语含有并列结构,用法有些特殊,详解参见 10.1.5 节第285页

译文 我认为问题在于,如果开发商真的在建造酒店,但却将其伪装成不是酒店,那么对待他们难道不应该像对待酒店那样进行征税和监管吗?

3. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm. (2021年英语一Text 3)

解析 前一分句的主语中心词是The thought,其后带有较复杂的修饰成分:of后边接动名词短语holding a fixed grin as …,其中as引导的时间状语从句as the camera performed its magical duties修饰holding。由于这个长长的修饰语,主语The thought与谓语was被分隔开来。

不看holding短语,该分句的核心结构是:The thought of … was too much to contemplate,这来自英文一个常见句式: The thought of (doing) something is too much/too awful/too horrible to contemplate ,基本含义是“想到某事太可怕了,都不敢想下去”。比如:The thought of war is too awful to contemplate. (战争太可怕了,真不敢去想。)

要注意,在这个句式中,不定式to contemplate是有逻辑宾语的,就是前面的句子主语The thought,即构成contemplate the thought搭配。比如:I'd rather die than contemplate the thought of having to work grueling shifts from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m., plus overtime, for six days a week. (我宁愿去死,也不愿去想每周“996”艰苦轮班还得加班这种事。) 或者也可以采用上面的句式,这样说: The thought of having to work grueling shifts from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m., plus overtime, for six days a week is too horrible to contemplate . (想到每周“996”,还得加班,这个想法太可怕了,真让人不敢细想。)

译文 译文1(直译):在相机执行其神奇职责时保持固定的笑容的想法太难以想象,因此不置可否的茫然凝视成为常态。

译文2(意译):当相机在面前神奇地拍着照时,自己咧着嘴,笑容凝固,这(在当时的人们看来)太奇怪了,让人不敢想。因此,那时人们拍照时标准的面部表情都是目光呆滞、一脸茫然。

4. One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the senses came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldi's The Four Seasons . (2022年英语一Text 3)

解析 主句的主干结构是One example … came last month …,基本含义是“上个月发生的……成为证明……的一个例子”。由when引导的定语从句(last month是先行词)来表达这个事件,而how引导的宾语从句(作of的宾语)来表达例子是为了证明什么。of 引导的介词短语of how … senses作后置定语修饰主语,从而造成了主谓分隔。

译文 上个月,悉尼交响乐团演奏了安东尼奥 · 维瓦尔第的《四季》的改编版,这是艺术家和科学家合作共同震撼人们感官的一个例子。

5. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. (2017年英语一Text 2)

解析 本句主语的核心词是curiosity,谓语动词是inspires,二者之间被插入了复杂的修饰成分从而导致分隔较远。插入的成分具体来说,一个是不定式短语to find what lies beyond the horizon作curiosity的同位语,另一个是定语从句that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores修饰curiosity。

译文 人们总是好奇地平线之外有什么,这种好奇心曾经把早期的波利尼西亚人带到夏威夷海岸,现如今,受同样的好奇心驱使,天文学家们想要探索太空。

6. Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year—from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley—have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities. (2007年Text 4)

解析 该句的核心主谓是leakages … have left …,主语与谓语之间被of介词短语和插入语所分隔。from organizations as diverse as Time Warner … Berkeley是插入语,用来补充说明数据泄露事件的来源,其中as diverse as … 是形容词短语作后置定语,修饰organizations。另外,注意这里leave的用法:leave somebody doing something,表示“使得某人做某事”,分词短语doing something作宾语补足语。in search of potential vulnerabilities作目的状语。

译文 今年,时代华纳、美国国防承包商科学应用国际公司,甚至加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校等多家机构都发生了客户和员工数据大规模泄露的事件,这使得管理人员急忙仔细查看他们复杂的IT系统及业务流程,以找出潜在的安全漏洞。

7. Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago's O'Hare International. (2017年英语一Text 1)

解析 这里主语中心词是measures,谓语动词是have resulted。另外,这里还有combined with连接的并列结构,详解参见 第10章并列结构10.4节第345页

译文 此后,机场加强了安检措施,再加上因经济好转和油价较低使得航空旅行的人数增多,导致旅客在各大机场(如芝加哥奥黑尔国际机场)的安检等候时间过长。 kJ9VLSvEBpDU1i8gyBYUlrjXd4j8Mxr/9GoIfc6g3SG+oNHzCmNB443ylSaNVMhI

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