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4.5 从句嵌套、主从句相对论及连词与动词配比原则

标题中的三个概念是分析复杂难句的重要理念和实操方法。下面我分别举例阐明。

4.5.1 从句嵌套

所谓 嵌套 ,形象地说,就是如同洋葱一样层层包裹的结构。因此,所谓 从句嵌套 ,就是指A从句内部包裹着B从句,而B从句内部又包裹着C从句,就这样依次嵌套包裹下去,形成从句套从句、多层从句包裹的结构。假如X是最初始的主句,是A从句所依附的主句。那么,上述从句嵌套可以表示为 X(A(B(C… ))) 这种层层包裹的结构。比如下面这句:

Education is what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten. (教育,就是当你忘掉学校所学的知识之后所剩下的东西。)

这句话是美国心理学家斯金纳(B. F. Skinner)对教育本质的阐述。

乍一看,句末怎么会有两套谓语has been learned和has been forgotten前后连用呢?这时就需要把主从句嵌套关系搞清楚。在分析从句时需要把谓语动词与连词结合起来分析。这里有 四个谓语动词 :is、survives、has been learned和has been forgotten,和 三个wh-连词 :两个what和一个when。连词引导从句,其中必有谓语动词,二者匹配关系如下:

what has been learned

主语 谓语动词

其中what作从句的主语,从句谓语动词是has been learned。该从句是主谓句式,这是从句本身的结构。那么该从句属于什么从句类型呢?这就需要跳出该从句的框框,上升到它的主句中去看,看它在相应的主句中作什么句子成分,也即前面说过的“看主句,定类型”。该what从句是嵌套在when从句中的,作when从句的主语,故为 主语从句 ,而when从句的谓语动词短语是has been forgotten。这样一来when从句结构也就清楚了,如下:

when what has been learned has been forgotten

主语(从句) 谓语动词

同理,这个when从句又是什么从句类型呢?我们同样还是要超越when从句本身,结合其相应的主句来看。该when从句又是嵌套在第一个what从句中的,修饰what从句的谓语动词survives,作时间状语,故这里when从句属于 时间状语从句

what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten .

主语 谓语动词 时间状语(从句)

同理,这个what从句又是什么从句类型呢?我们依然要把它放到相应的主句环境中去分析:

Education is what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten .

主语 谓语动词 表语(从句)

可见这个what从句属于 表语从句

综上分析,整个主从复合句嵌套结构如下:

Education is { what survives [ when ( what has been learned) has been forgotten]}.

可见,三个从句层层嵌套,形成了一个类似洋葱层层包裹的结构,其结构可表达为 X(A(B(C … ))) 。最内层的是what从句what has been learned,被包裹在when从句when … has been forgotten中,充当其主语;而when从句又被包裹在what从句what survives … 中,充当其时间状语;而该what从句又是隶属于初始主句Education is …,充当其表语。

4.5.2 主从句相对论

因为存在多层从句嵌套,这就使得主句与从句是层层依附的。具体来说,A从句有自己所依附的 初始主句X ,同时A从句又是B从句所依附的主句;也即A句相对于X句来说是从句,但相对于B句来说则是主句。比如:

I think he said she was ill.

这里I think是初始主句(相当于X),he said(相当于A)相对于I think来说是从句,但相对于she was ill(相当于B)来说又是主句。

可见,除了最初始的X句之外,其他的主句和从句都是相对来说的,这种现象我称之为 主从句相对论 。这是尤其针对谓语动词来说的。比如,上面讨论的例句中,has been forgotten是when从句中的谓语,但相对于what has been learned从句来说,它又是该what从句所在主句中的谓语。同样,survives是what引导的表语从句中的谓语,但相对于when从句来说,它又是其主句中的谓语。

4.5.3 连词与动词配比原则

对于复杂句子,尤其是当其中嵌套有多个从句时,我们一定要注意理清各个不同层次的从句之间的逻辑结构和嵌套关系。如上句嵌套关系所示:

Education is { what survives [ when ( what has been learned) has been forgotten]}.

在具体分析时,我们就要借助于从句的谓语动词和连词来帮助我们断句。因此,在分析句子结构时,我们可以 先找到句中的各个谓语动词 (因为找谓语动词比较容易), 然后再找连词 。又因为 连词后边必然是从句,而从句中必然有谓语动词 ,因此,在每个连词后边必然要找到一个与之相应的从句谓语动词,当把连词与对应的谓语动词划分清楚之后,整个难句结构也就迎刃而解了。比如上句中连词与动词的对应关系是:

what has been learned

when has been forgotten

what survives

此外还有初始主句谓语动词is,它没有对应的连词。由此可见,在英语句子中, 谓语动词个数一定是多于连词个数的,而且通常是多出一个 (若考虑到连词被省略的情形,那就可能会多出一个以上),因为这个多出的动词就是初始主句的谓语动词。

于是,我们可以总结出这样一个一般规律:

在英语中,有n个谓语动词,就会对应有n-1个连词(假如没有连词被省略,即便有连词被省略,我们也可以把它还原出来)以及n-1个对应的从句 ,这就是我提出的“ 连词与动词配比原则 ”。这个术语是我多年前首创的,现在也已经被广大英语老师普遍使用了,相信有很多读者也听其他老师讲到过。

我在分析上面的从句嵌套时,其实就是这个原则实际运用的具体展示。比如我一开始就提出,在分析从句时需要把谓语动词与连词结合起来分析。上句有 四个谓语动词 :is、survives、has been learned和has been forgotten,以及有三个 wh-连词 :两个what和一个when,符合连词总是比谓语动词少一个的连词与动词配比原则。

再比如下面外媒中的这个例句:

The statute that lays out how records of the Office of Senate Fair Employment Practices, which would have likely handled such a complaint, are governed states that the records are “strictly confidential”.

我们看到的谓语动词依次包括:lays out、would have handled、are governed以及states(它不是名词“状态”,而是动词,这里意为“规定,指明”),此外还有最后的are。我估计,有人看到states时已经找不到它的主语了。

现在我们就按照连词与动词配比原则,来把每个动词与对应的连词理清楚,最终就会找到初始主句的谓语动词。具体关系如下:

that lays out:这是定语从句,修饰statute“法令,法规”;

how are governed:这是宾语从句,作lays out的宾语;

which would have handled:这是定语从句,修饰前面机构the Office of Senate Fair Employment Practices;

that are:这是宾语从句,作动词states的宾语。

四个谓语动词对应四个连词,得出四个从句,剩下的动词states就是初始主句的谓语动词。可见,句子主干结构就是:

The statute states that …

表示该法令的内容是什么。整句大意是:

该法规规定了参议院公平就业办公室(可能负责处理此类投诉)的记录如何管理,并规定这些记录是“严格保密的”。

整个句子的嵌套关系是:

The statute {that lays out [how records of the Office of Senate Fair Employment Practices, (which would have likely handled such a complaint), are governed ]} states {that the records are “strictly confidential”}.

下面我们通过考研真题中的句子来强化训练以上所讲的从句分析视角、方法及理念。

考研真题实战演练

请分析下面句子中的嵌套结构,并译成中文。

1. On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.(2007年翻译47题)

2. And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS's ultimate overseer—Congress—insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected.(2018年英语一Text 4)

3. Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the constitutionality of Vermont's rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running.(2012年英语一Text 2)

4. Big-name PRH authors may suffer a bit, but it's those mid-list authors, who normally rely on Waterstones staff's passion for promoting books by lesser-known writers, who will be praying for an end to the dispute.(2023年英语一Text 3)

5. The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer's purchase to a state where the business didn't have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the state.(2019年英语一Text 4)

答案

1. On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. (2007年翻译47题)

解析 该句含有从句嵌套,嵌套结构如下:

… in a manner { which is parallel to the links [journalists forge on a daily basis (as they cover and comment on the news)]}

首先,最外层的是修饰manner的定语从句which is parallel … news。

其次,在这个定语从句里,又嵌套有修饰links的定语从句journalists forge … news。这里关系词that或which被省略了。

第三,最内层的是as引导的时间状语从句as they cover and comment on the news,它是就近修饰其前定语从句的谓语forge的,而不是修饰which引导的定语从句谓语is parallel或主句谓语links的。在as从句中,谓语cover和comment on共用一个宾语the news,并列关系是:they [ cover and comment on ] the news,表示“ 他们报道新闻和评论新闻 ”。

总之,这个句子含有的从句包括(以及连词与从句谓语动词配对关系):定语从句(which is)、定语从句(that … forge,这个关系词that被省略了)、时间状语从句(as … cover and comment)。

译文 另一方面,它(即法律)以一种方式把这些概念(即公正、民主和自由)和日常生活联系起来,这与记者每天报道和评论新闻时的做法是相同的。

2. And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS's ultimate overseer—Congress—insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. (2018年英语一Text 4)

解析 该句主语核心词是interest groups,意为“利益集团,利益团体(a group of people who work together to achieve something that they are particularly interested in, especially by putting pressure on the government, etc.)”,其后接了分词短语ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers作其定语。

谓语内容是exert self-interested pressure on the USPS's ultimate overseer—Congress。在翻译时,不要把self-interested“自私自利的”直接译成定语,比如译成 “给国会施加自私自利的压力” ,而是要把它单独提取出来进行转译,比如译成 “出于一己私利给国会施压”

分词insisting的逻辑主语就是interest groups,其后接宾语从句that whatever … protected,来阐明他们的利益诉求。该宾语从句内部的从句嵌套关系如下:

… insisting that {(whatever else happens to the Postal Service), [aspects of the status quo (they depend on) get protected]}.

首先,宾语从句的主语部分是aspects of the status quo they depend on,其中they depend on是定语从句,省去了关系代词that。这里they就是指开头说的interest groups。先行词aspects of the status quo意为“各方面现状”。其中the status quo是非常多见的一个拉丁语,意思是“现状(the state of a situation as it is)”。

其次,宾语从句的谓语动词是get protected,它其实采用了虚拟语气形式(因为insist“坚持要求,主张”后边须用虚拟形式),即省去了should。在美式英语中,这个should一般是不要的,而英式英语中可以添加should。

再次,宾语从句内部还嵌套了一个让步状语从句whatever else happens to the Postal Service,其中whatever else作主语,意为“无论其他什么”。这里else与下文aspects of the status quo形成语义对照。言外之意,无论美国邮政要进行怎样的其他方面(else)的改革,但目前的利益格局不能动,要维持现状。这就是利益集团(包括邮政工会和贺卡生产商)的利益诉求。

译文 从邮政工会到贺卡制造商,各个利益集团出于一己私利都在对美国邮政的最终监管者——美国国会施压,他们坚称无论美国邮政其他方面进行怎样的改革,他们所依赖的现状都必须得到保护。

3. Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the constitutionality of Vermont's rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. (2012年英语一Text 2)

解析 首先,这里what从句what it had long promised it would not作has done的宾语,故为宾语从句。在would not后边承前(has done)省去了do,what作do的宾语,也即该what从句源自:

a. It had long promised (that) it would not do something (= what ).

可见,该what从句本身也是一个主从复合句:主句是it had long promised,宾语从句是it would not do something

其次,冒号后边的动词短语challenge the constitutionality of Vermont's rules in the federal court是what从句的同位语,因此可以用be动词将二者联系起来,相当于说:

b. What it had long promised it would not ( do ) is challenge the constitutionality of Vermont's rules in the federal court.

这里的do代替了动词challenge,因此a句中的do something也就等于challenge短语,被后者替换后相当于说:

c. It had long promised (that) it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont's rules in the federal court.

再次,整个as短语as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running又是challenge动词短语的同位语,因此可以用be动词将二者联系起来,相当于说:

d. To challenge the constitutionality of Vermont's rules in the federal court is part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running.

译文 相反,该公司却做了它曾长期承诺不会做的事情:在联邦法院挑战佛蒙特州法规的合宪性,这是该公司为了维持其佛蒙特扬基核电站持续运行而拼命努力的一部分。

4. Big-name PRH authors may suffer a bit, but it's those mid-list authors, who normally rely on Waterstones staff's passion for promoting books by lesser-known writers, who will be praying for an end to the dispute. (2023年英语一Text 3)

解析 这里有两个who引导的从句,前一个who引导的是定语从句who normally rely on Waterstones staff's passion for promoting books by lesser-known writers,修饰mid-list authors;后一个who引导的是一个it is … who … 强调句:it's those mid-list authors … who will be praying for an end to the dispute。另外,这里的may … but … 表示让步含义。

译文 尽管企鹅兰登书屋的头部大牌作者可能会受到一些影响,但祈祷尽快结束这场纷争的是那些不太知名的腰部作者,因为他们通常依靠水石书店员工的热情来推销他们的书。

5. The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer's purchase to a state where the business didn't have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the state. (2019年英语一Text 4)

解析 主干是The cases … said that …,其中the court overturned是定语从句,省去了关系代词;said后边接宾语从句,由that引导。在that宾语从句中,有if引导的条件状语从句及其主句the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the state。在if条件状语从句中又嵌套了where引导的定语从句,修饰state。

译文 法院撤销的这些案例表明,如果一家企业把客户购买的货物运到自己在那里没有实体店(比如仓库或办公室)的州,那么该企业就不必帮着州政府向客户收取销售税。 kJ9VLSvEBpDU1i8gyBYUlrjXd4j8Mxr/9GoIfc6g3SG+oNHzCmNB443ylSaNVMhI

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