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以上我们讨论的都是 谓语动词 的主语问题。此外，对于 非谓语动词（尤其是分词） 而言，同样 需要准确找到其逻辑主语 。
一般来说，句首的-ed分词或-ing分词的逻辑主语就是下文句子的主语（常出现在逗号后面）。或者说，在句首看到有分词时，第一反应就是先到下文去找句子主语，然后把句子主语与分词结合起来理解句意。请看真题例句：
真题 If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish, Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other languages such as Japanese, French and German, spreads. （2017年英语一翻译）
解析 我们看到这里句首有过去分词left，马上想到去下文找句子主语——such trends。因此，if条件句If left to themselves等于If such trends are left to themselves，这里代词themselves就是指代such trends，句意是 “如果这种趋势任由其发展” ，或者说 “如果对这种趋势放任不管的话” 。这里有一个搭配be left to oneself，表示“允许某人自由做某事”（be allowed to do what one wants）。
注意后边的as从句中的并列结构：as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish, Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other languages such as Japanese, French and German, spreads ，两个并列分句的谓语动词分别是grows和spreads，它们与各自的主语demand和business process outsourcing相隔较远。
另外，这里business process outsourcing（简称BPO），一般译成“ 业务流程外包 ”或“ 经营外包 ”，是指把特定的商业工序外派给第三方服务供应商。企业中有些日常的琐碎工序是必需的，却无关乎其市场地位的维持，所以通常便会实行商业流程外包以减省开支。常见的外包业务有电话客服（Call Center）、人力资源、会计、法律、信息技术等。
译文 如果任由这些趋势发展，那么，随着对其他语言（如西班牙语、阿拉伯语、普通话等）的教育资源需求的增长，以及针对另外一些语言（如日语、法语、德语等）的国际业务流程外包服务的发展，英语在国际教育市场中的相对优势地位将会逐渐削弱。
真题 Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss's agenda in businesses of every variety. （2007年Text 4）
解析 这句话有难度。首先看到句首有过去分词Left以及seen，立即想到去后边找到句子主语information protection，然后把三者结合起来理解。该句子主语同时又充当分词的逻辑主语，并且与动词leave和see构成被动关系，所以句中都用了过去分词left和seen。分词left与information protection的语义关系也许有的考生看不出来，这里涉及这样一个leave结构： leave something to somebody to do （或leave it to somebody to do something），表示“把某事交给某人来处理”。所以，我们把第一个分词短语还原成主动结构就是“ leave information protection , until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right”，然后把它变成被动结构就是“ information protection is left , until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right”。这就解释了为什么要用过去分词left而不是现在分词leaving。
注意information protection同时作put right“使恢复正常，校正”的宾语，相当于说put right information protection 或put information protection right。
同样的道理，第二个分词短语可以还原为 see information protection as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel。另外，要注意这里有两个时间对比：until now和now，分别表示“此前”和“现在”。
译文 此前，信息保护还只是由那些临时的、低水平的IT员工来负责，而且通常被认为只有像金融、电信和航空等这些数据量大的行业才应该担心这一问题。但是，现如今，信息保护已引起各行各业老板的高度重视。
真题 If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing underperforming managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers' wages. （2022年英语一Text 4）
解析 条件状语从句If not placing jobs at risk中，分词placing的逻辑主语是后边的句子主语those laws（即前面的employment protection laws），因此写完整是If those laws do not place jobs at risk。其中有搭配place something at risk“使某事物处于危险之中”。比如：He placed his life at risk to save them. （他冒着生命危险去救他们。）
另外要注意，If not placing jobs at risk 是承接上文的Consequently—and paradoxically—laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary workers may be placing those jobs at risk . （因此，矛盾的是，原本是为了保护普通员工的工作岗位而出台的法律现在可能反而会让他们的工作岌岌可危。） ，这里placing those jobs at risk与 If not placing jobs at risk构成语义对比，If not带有让步转折的意味，可译成“即使没有，就算没有”。最后，这句有一个难点是介词短语to the extent，请看下面的“知识拓展”。
译文 就算没有让工作变得岌岌可危，只要就业保护法限制企业主解雇表现不佳的经理，那么这些法律也会限制公司的生产效率，并因此限制工人的薪资待遇。
知识拓展：
… to the extent that … 句式的逻辑含义
上面的句子中，介词短语to the extent后面省去了连词that，后接同位语从句。下面我稍微拓展讲解一下to the extent that句式的逻辑含义。
英文中X to the extent that Y的一个基本核心意思是“把X限制在Y的程度范围内（X is limited to the degree of Y）”，但它表达的逻辑关系却可以有多种，比如条件、结果、原因、让步等，复杂且微妙，读者如果没有系统研究过，会很难把握。因此，翻译时，我们需要结合具体的句子语境来选择其含义。下面我们来看几个例句，体会一下它所表达的逻辑语义的多样性。
a. Sales have fallen badly this year, to the extent that we will have to close some of our shops. （今年的销售额大幅下降，情况糟糕到我们将不得不关闭一些店铺。）
b. He is hugely confident, to the extent that some people have described him as arrogant. （他特别自信，自信到人们都认为他狂妄的程度。）
由上面这两个例句可见，这样的X to the extent that Y中，Y表达 结果 ，此时类似so … that … 句式。显然，这种表达结果的含义不是我们上面所讨论的考研句子的意思。
下面我们再来看《新概念英语》第四册第36课的两个例句：
… Such administrative overheads in a business are analogous to the cost of government in a nation. The administrative overheads of a business are low to the extent that everyone working in the business can be trusted to behave in a way that best promotes the interests of the firm. If they can each be trusted to take such responsibilities, and to exercise such initiative as falls within their sphere, then administrative overhead will be low. It will be low because it will be necessary to have only one man looking after each job, without having another man to check upon what he is doing, keep him in line, and report on him to someone else. But if no one can be trusted to act in a loyal and responsible manner towards his job, then the business will require armies of administrators, checkers, and foremen, and administrative overheads will rise correspondingly. …
It is precisely the same with a nation. To the extent that the people can be relied upon to behave in a loyal and responsible manner, the government does not require armies of police and civil servants to keep them in order. But if a nation is disunited, the government cannot be sure that the actions of the people will be in the interests of the nation; and it will have to watch, check, and control the people accordingly. A disunited nation therefore has to incur unduly high costs of government.
c. The administrative overheads of a business are low to the extent that everyone working in the business can be trusted to behave in a way that best promotes the interests of the firm. （如果企业中的每个人都在真诚地为提高企业效益而工作，那么企业的管理费用就会降低到相应的程度。）
d. To the extent that the people can be relied upon to behave in a loyal and responsible manner, the government does not require armies of police and civil servants to keep them in order. （若民众能够尽忠职守且行事负责，那么政府就不需要大批的警察和公务员去维护社会秩序了。）
由上面这两个例句可见，在X to the extent that Y中，Y表达 先决条件 ，此时可以把to the extent that换成if。就拿c句来说，… are low to the extent that …，这里low的先决条件是that从句的内容。企业的管理费用不可能无限度的low，这里low是有一定范围程度的，也即存在一个先决条件的，而to the extent that …就表达这样的条件。并且，下文这句If they can each be trusted to take such responsibilities, and to exercise such initiative as falls within their sphere, then administrative overheads will be low. （如果可以相信他们每个人都能承担这样的责任，并在自己的职权范围内发挥主动性，那么管理费用就会降低。） 又替换成if从句说了一遍。两句相当于同义替换表达。这里if从句与that从句内容是一样的，相应的主句内容也是一样的。
另外我们还看到，如d句所示，to the extent that从句具有条件意味时可以置于句首，也就相当于To the extent that Y, X句式。可见，to the extent that Y的修饰对象可能像a、b、c句那样在上文，也可能像d句那样在下文。
现在回到上面的考研真题句子，由于to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing underperforming managers是夹在两句中间，因此，理论上来说，这里的to the extent …可以修饰前面的if从句If not placing jobs at risk，也可以修饰后边的主句those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers' wages，那它到底修饰谁呢？又是何意呢？这是该句的一个难点。
其实，此句中的to the extent从句不是像常规修饰上文那样修饰前面if条件从句的，而是像d句那样修饰下文主句的，表达 条件 含义，相当于说insofar as“在……条件范围内”，可以译成“只要……”。
以上例句都是非谓语（分词）在句首，此时其逻辑主语就是后边的句子主语。不过，有时由于某些特定的结构，非谓语的逻辑主语不一定就是后边的句子主语。请看例句：
真题 Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. （2009年Part B）
解析 这里Coinciding的逻辑主语不是句子主语British social philosopher Herbert Spencer，而是他提出的理论his own theory of biological and cultural evolution，也即短语动词put forward的宾语。
译文 在英国自然学家查尔斯·达尔文（Charles Darwin）于 19 世纪 60 年代提出具有开创性的生物进化理论的同时，英国社会哲学家赫伯特·斯宾塞（Herbert Spencer）也提出了自己的生物和文化进化理论。
下面这句中Coming的逻辑主语更特殊。
真题 Coming at a time of fresh incentives from the UK government for landowners to grow more trees, the trade body says these don't go far enough and fail to promote the benefits of planting them to boost timber supplies. （2024年英语二Text 2）
解析 这里Coming的逻辑主语很特殊，不在本句，而是在上文。该句上文是：
The UK is facing a future construction crisis because of a failure to plant trees to produce wood, Confor has warned. The forestry and wood trade body has called for urgent action to reduce the country's reliance on timber imports and provide a stable supply of wood for future generations. Currently only 20 per cent of the UK's wood requirement is home-grown while it remains the second-largest net importer of timber in the world.
这里Coming与上文The forestry and wood trade body has called for urgent action to reduce … 这句话有关。并且，Coming的逻辑主语不是某个名词短语，而是根据上文意思总结出the body's call for urgent action这个名词短语作其逻辑主语，相当于说： The body's call for urgent action comes at a time of fresh incentives from the UK government …。也即该机构是在英国政府出台了这些激励措施的背景下做出上述这番呼吁的。
另外，本句中有an incentive for somebody to do something这个搭配，表示“激励某人做某事”。这里是英国政府出台了新的激励措施，鼓励土地所有者种植更多树木。本句中的代词these指代incentives。
句末不定式短语to boost timber supplies作为目的状语是修饰planting的，而非修饰to promote的。即不应该这样断句：[to promote the benefits of planting them] to boost timber supplies （宣传种植树木的好处，以增加木材供应）； 而应该这样断句：to promote the benefits of [ planting them to boost timber supplies]，意为 “宣传种植树木以增加木材供应的好处” 。这样断句的一个证据就是上文第一句话中出现的to plant trees to produce wood与本句中planting them to boost timber supplies是同义表达。
译文 英国政府出台了新的激励措施，鼓励土地所有者种植更多树木。在此之际，林业和木材贸易机构做出了上述这番呼吁。该贸易机构表示，这些措施力度还不够，未能宣传种植树木以增加木材供应的好处。
下面我们来看 位于句中的非谓语 的逻辑主语问题，此时要根据特定的结构来判断逻辑主语。请看真题例句：
真题 For decades we have not taken responsibility for investing in our domestic wood supply, leaving us exposed to fluctuating prices and fighting for future supplies of wood as global demand rises and our own supplies fall. （2024年英语二Text 2）
解析 本句含有下面5个非谓语动词：
investing：动名词，其逻辑主语是前面主语we；
leaving：现在分词，其逻辑主语就是前面主句，表示“这一情形导致……”；
exposed：过去分词，其逻辑主语是us；
fluctuating：现在分词，其逻辑主语是prices，相当于说prices fluctuate；
fighting：现在分词，其逻辑主语是us。
此处fighting的逻辑主语容易被误判，这就需要正确理解整个leaving短语中的并列关系，如下：
leaving us [ exposed to fluctuating prices and fighting for future supplies of wood ] as …
也即这里fighting不是与fluctuating或leaving并列，而是与exposed并列，都是作宾语us的补足语，基本结构是leaving us exposed to … and fighting for …。
这里leave表示“使……处于某种状态（to cause something or someone to be or remain in a specified condition or position）”。比如：
The accident left him paralyzed . （那次事故使他瘫痪了。）
It left them wondering when it would all end. （这让他们思索这事何时才会结束。）
可见，根据主被动关系，leave somebody后边可以接过去分词done或现在分词doing。本句中leaving us exposed to …意为 “使我们面临……” ，而leaving us fighting for …意为 “使我们争夺……” 。另外，关于这里as从句的讲解， 参见第9.1节（第193页） 。
译文 几十年来，我们没有承担起投资国内木材供应的责任，这就导致随着全球需求的上升和我们自己供应的下降，我们面临着价格波动的风险，并且需要为未来的木材供应展开争夺。
真题 But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literary ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. （2018年英语一翻译48题）
解析 这句难点在于as offering a means of livelihood这部分该怎么理解。 要知道是these theaters （而 不是句子主语university men）作offering的逻辑主语 。这又与turn to … as …搭配有关，这是一个难点，下面详细说说。
turn to X as Y
这里X与Y之间的逻辑关系是：X相当于Y的逻辑主语，Y相当于逻辑谓语。也就是说，X与Y在逻辑上有主谓关系。 因此，在turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood这个短语中，offering的逻辑主语不是university men“这些大学生”，而是these theaters“这些剧院”。改成简单句是：
These theaters offered the university men a means of livelihood.
这里采用了offer somebody something双宾语句式，表示“提供给某人某东西”。上面整个短语的意思是： 这些大学生投靠这些剧院，剧院给他们提供谋生手段。 请看更多例句：
1. The sheer size of the U.S. debt market is one reason why people turn to it as a safe haven . （人们之所以选择美国国债作为避风港，其中一个原因就是美国国债市场的规模。）
相当于说：It is a safe haven.
2. Now, some university graduates are turning to agriculture as a way to fight unemployment . （现在，一些大学毕业生正在转向农业，以此作为应对失业的一种方式。）
相当于说：Agriculture is a way to fight unemployment.
3. She also believes that some children find the pressure of studying too much and turn to games as a way to escape . （她还认为，有些孩子发现学习压力太大，转而通过游戏来逃避。）
相当于说：Games are a way to escape.
4. Many students are turning to online classes as a substitute for traditional colleges . （许多学生转向在线课程以替代传统大学。）
相当于说：Online classes are a substitute for traditional colleges.
最后，这里a means of livelihood是表示“生计，生活来源”，也可以说a source of livelihood。要搞清楚offering a means of livelihood这个短语的含义，offer表示“某人主动提供给别人某东西”，这里不是说university men提供给these theaters生计，而是相反，因为these theaters才是offering的逻辑主语，这就是上文讲到的turn to X as Y句式的逻辑关系。对于a means of livelihood，我所看到的译文大多是简单译成“ 以此为生 ”或“ 以此作为谋生手段 ”。我认为这样翻译语义不明、语焉不详，比如在剧场跑龙套做杂工也是“以此为生”。考虑到前文都已经说了是“有文学抱负的大学生们”，再加上本文话题就是谈论戏剧，想想他们还能做什么？这里是说有文学抱负的大学生们作为职业剧作家依靠这些剧场谋生。简言之，就是投靠这些剧场，靠它们提供给自己（以写剧为）生计，即以写剧为生。
译文 但专业的戏剧公司有自己固定的演出剧场，生意兴隆。因此，有文学抱负的大学生们很快就投靠这些剧场，以写剧为生。
请分析下面句子的结构，注意其中非谓语动词的逻辑主语，并将句子译成中文。
1. Without the need to be touched to open or close, automatic doors are essential in improving disabled access to buildings and helping provide general convenience to commercial buildings. （2024年英语一完形填空）
2. As well as making access both in and out of buildings easier for people, the difference in the way many of these doors open helps reduce the total area occupied by them.（2024年英语一完形填空）
3. After writing two books about the history of inventions, one thing I've learnt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype, it's the cheap technologies that change the world.（2024年英语一Text 1）
4. To those of you in the comments section who are having strong feelings about artifacts being removed from cities in the U.S. and Britain and returned to their countries of origin, I would ask you to consider why do you think Americans have more of a right to easily access the Benin Bronzes than the people of Nigeria?（2024年英语一Part B）
5. Navigating beyond the organised pavements and parks of our urban spaces, desire paths are the unofficial footprints of a community, revealing the unspoken preferences, shared shortcuts and collective choices of humans.（2025年英语二Text 4）
6. Often appearing as trodden dirt tracks through otherwise neat green spaces, these routes of collective disobedience cut corners, bisect lawns and cross hills, representing the natural capability of people (and animals) to go from point A to point B most effectively.（2025年英语二Text 4）
7. Yet, reluctance persists among other planners to integrate desire paths into formal plans, citing concerns about safety, environmental impact, or primarily, aesthetics.（2025年英语二Text 4）
8. A Reddit webpage devoted to the phenomenon, boasting nearly 50,000 members, showcases images of local desire paths adorned with signs instructing pedestrians to adhere to designated walkways, underscoring the rebellious nature inherent in these human-made tracks.（2025年英语二Text 4）
1. Without the need to be touched to open or close, automatic doors are essential in improving disabled access to buildings and helping provide general convenience to commercial buildings. （2024年英语一完形填空）
解析 要注意，不定式短语to be touched及to open or close的逻辑主语都是后边的句子主语automatic doors。它与touch是被动关系，相当于说automatic doors are touched，故采用了被动不定式to be touched；它与open和close是主动关系，相当于说automatic doors open or close，故采用了主动不定式to open or close。所以，翻译时要把它们结合起来，比如译成 “自动门，无须触摸即可打开或关闭” 。
另外，动名词improving与helping并列（都是作in的宾语），它们的逻辑主语也都是automatic doors。
译文 自动门，无须触摸即可打开或关闭，在方便残障人士进入大楼、为商业建筑提供普遍便利方面至关重要。
2. As well as making access both in and out of buildings easier for people, the difference in the way many of these doors open helps reduce the total area occupied by them. （2024年英语一完形填空）
解析 首先，making后边的宾语是access both in and out of buildings，形容词短语easier for people作宾语补足语。其次，making的逻辑主语是后边的句子主语difference，或者说是the difference in the way many of these doors open整个名词短语。在该名词短语中，先行词way后边接了定语从句（that） many of these doors open，省去了关系词that。句末them指代doors。另外，as well as兼具并列连词和介词的功能，这里连接的是making … 和helps reduce …，相当于说The difference in … helps reduce … and makes access … easier。
译文 这些自动门打开方式各异，这不仅使人们更容易进出大楼，还有助于减少它们占用的总面积。
3. After writing two books about the history of inventions, one thing I've learnt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype, it's the cheap technologies that change the world. （2024年英语一Text 1）
解析 这里writing的逻辑主语不是后边句子主语one thing，而是定语从句中的主语I。定语从句（that） I've learnt修饰one thing。在that引导的表语从句中嵌套了while让步状语从句，并且while后边的两个句子都是采用了it is … that强调句型。
译文 在写了两本关于发明史的书之后，我明白了这样一个道理：虽然获得大肆宣传的是那些令人着迷的复杂技术，但改变世界的却是那些廉价的技术。
4. To those of you in the comments section who are having strong feelings about artifacts being removed from cities in the U.S. and Britain and returned to their countries of origin, I would ask you to consider why do you think Americans have more of a right to easily access the Benin Bronzes than the people of Nigeria? （2024年英语一Part B）
解析 这里who引导的定语从句，修饰those of you。要注意about后边的短语artifacts being removed from cities in the U.S. and Britain and returned to their countries of origin，这是一个动名词复合结构，其中有两个并列的动名词短语being removed … and （being） returned …，而artifacts是这两个动名词的逻辑主语。
译文 对于那些在评论区中对文物从美国和英国的城市运回原籍国抱有强烈情绪的人，我想请你们考虑一下：为什么你们认为美国人要比尼日利亚人更有权利轻易看到贝宁青铜器呢？
5. Navigating beyond the organised pavements and parks of our urban spaces, desire paths are the unofficial footprints of a community, revealing the unspoken preferences, shared shortcuts and collective choices of humans. （2025年英语二Text 4）
解析 句首分词Navigating的逻辑主语就是后边的句子主语desire paths。该主语字面意思是“ 欲望路径，期待路径，渴望路径 ”，实际上就是指像一块草坪中间人为踩出来的一条近道这样的小径，与旁边规划好的现有道路形成鲜明对比。如下图：
中文里似乎还没有一个专门的名词来表达这个概念，所以不是很好翻译。大意相当于中文里说“ 想抄的近道，想走的捷径 ”等。下面我会结合具体语境将其灵活翻译，比如译成“ 踩踏出来的近道 ”，或“ 另辟近道 ”，等等。
句中revealing分词的逻辑主语也是desire paths。注意其后宾语的并列关系：
the [ unspoken preferences , shared shortcuts and collective choices ] of humans
也即介词短语of humans不是只修饰collective choices，而是修饰前面三个并列的名词短语，表明这些特性是属于人类的，即这些偏好、捷径和选择是人类的行为和意愿的体现。
译文 在城市规划的人行道和公园之外人们在社区中踩踏出来的非正式的近道，揭示了人们心照不宣的偏好、共同想走的捷径和集体选择。
6. Often appearing as trodden dirt tracks through otherwise neat green spaces, these routes of collective disobedience cut corners, bisect lawns and cross hills, representing the natural capability of people (and animals) to go from point A to point B most effectively. （2025年英语二Text 4）
解析 这里的appearing和representing的逻辑主语都是句子主语these routes。
译文 这些集体不守规矩走出来的路线往往以踩踏过的泥土小径的形式出现在原本整洁的绿地中，它们抄近路、穿草坪、越山丘，体现了人们（以及动物）选择从A点到B点最有效路径的自然能力。
7. Yet, reluctance persists among other planners to integrate desire paths into formal plans, citing concerns about safety, environmental impact, or primarily, aesthetics. （2025年英语二Text 4）
解析 句中分词citing及不定式to integrate的逻辑主语不是句子主语reluctance，而是other planners。不定式短语to integrate desire paths into formal plans后置，修饰reluctance，来自reluctance to do搭配。
译文 然而，其他规划者仍然不愿将这样的近道纳入正式规划，他们提出对安全、环境影响的担忧，而最主要的是顾虑美观问题。
8. A Reddit webpage devoted to the phenomenon, boasting nearly 50,000 members, showcases images of local desire paths adorned with signs instructing pedestrians to adhere to designated walkways, underscoring the rebellious nature inherent in these human-made tracks. （2025年英语二Text 4）
解析 这句含有多个非谓语动词，其修饰对象即为其逻辑主语，包括：
1.过去分词短语devoted to the phenomenon修饰webpage。
2.现在分词短语boasting nearly 50,000 members修饰webpage。
3.过去分词短语adorned with signs修饰desire paths。
4.现在分词短语instructing pedestrians to …修饰signs。这里采用的是搭配instruct somebody to do something“指示某人做某事”，可见to adhere的逻辑主语是pedestrians。
5.过去分词designated修饰walkways。
6.现在分词短语underscoring the rebellious nature非限制性修饰signs instructing pedestrians to adhere to designated walkways。
另外，形容词短语inherent in these human-made tracks修饰nature。
译文 一个专注于“另辟近道”这一现象的Reddit网页，拥有近5万名成员，展示了当地踩踏出的近道的图片，这些路径上设有指示牌，指示行人按指定的步道行走，这凸显了这些人造小径固有的反叛性质。