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问题9
多形性/母细胞变异型或伴TP53异常的MCL如何进行治疗选择

多形性/母细胞变异型或伴 TP53 异常的套细胞淋巴瘤(MCL)预后很差,目前尚无标准治疗方案,鼓励参加临床试验。目前该类型的MCL对免疫化疗方案获益有限,在治疗选择时除了大剂量阿糖胞苷为基础的免疫化疗外,可考虑含BTK抑制剂、BCL-2i等靶向药物的治疗方案,对复发患者可考虑CAR-T和(或)allo-HSCT。

问题详解

多形性/母细胞变异型和 TP53 异常是MCL的不良预后因素,侵袭性高、预后差,缺乏标准治疗方案,相关研究亦较少。一线治疗仍以利妥昔单抗联合大剂量阿糖胞苷方案序贯ASCT巩固治疗为主,但总体预后获益有限。

在一项针对年轻(年龄≤65岁)MCL患者的多中心Ⅲ期临床研究中 [1] ,28例母细胞变异型MCL患者的5年OS率明显低于经典型MCL(38% vs 75%, P =0.001),但PFS无显著差异( P =0.05)。另一项针对老年MCL患者(年龄>60岁)的研究中 [2] ,4例母细胞变异型MCL患者的5年OS率显著低于经典型MCL:30% vs 60%( P =0.008 5),5年PFS率无统计学差异。一项针对年龄>65岁、不适合ASCT MCL患者的研究表明:VR-CAP方案较R-CHOP方案具有更优的OS率,也适用于不能耐受大剂量化疗的包括母细胞变异型的高风险MCL患者 [3] 。对于体力状态较好的母细胞变异型MCL患者,R-BAC方案的2年OS率为86%,2年PFS率为81%。BR方案也可作为不能耐受上述方案的MCL患者的治疗选择 [4]

在Nordic MCL2研究中 [5] ,31例母细胞变异型MCL患者,应用R-maxi-CHOP交替大剂量阿糖胞苷序贯ASCT,中位随访时间6.8年。结果显示:母细胞变异型与非母细胞变异型之间OS差异无统计学意义。同样,一项单中心Ⅱ期临床研究中 [6] ,14例为母细胞变异型,应用R-Hyper-CVAD方案治疗,结果发现PFS和OS与非母细胞变异型无明显差异。

对于R/R高危型MCL的治疗,更多的研究集中在BTK抑制剂等小分子药物治疗及CAR-T方面。

一项回顾性研究 [7] 对36例(10%)母细胞变异型的复发MCL患者的分析发现,与非母细胞变异型相比,两者的最佳应答时间相似,但细胞变异型患者的客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR)及PFS、OS、缓解持续时间(duration of response,DOR)均较差。在一项伊布替尼联合利妥昔单抗治疗MCL的研究中 [8] ,7例为母细胞变异型,中位随访时间4年,PFS为21个月,OS为30个月,ORR为71%。另外,在一项伊布替尼减量后随访38个月的研究中 [9] ,41例患者进展,其中36%为母细胞变异型MCL。一项关于泽布替尼治疗R/R MCL的研究 [10] 共纳入86例患者,其中15名 TP53 突变患者的ORR为80%,中位PFS为14.7个月,36个月的OS率为57.1%。伊布替尼联合利妥昔单抗治疗MCL的研究中 [11] ,6例 TP53 突变患者,5例获得CR,其中4例MRD未检测到,中位PFS为38.5个月。单药阿卡替尼治疗R/R MCL的研究 [12] ,中位随访时间为24个月,母细胞变异型MCL与非母细胞变异型MCL的ORR相似(77% vs 82%),CR率分别为35%和45%,PFS分别为15个月和25个月,DOR分别为14个月和26个月。另外,在一项研究伊布替尼联合BCL2抑制剂的临床研究 [13] 中共纳入24例患者,中位PFS和OS分别为29个月和32个月,其中12例 TP53 突变的患者中有6例治疗有效,5例有效时间持续至少24个月,结果提示伊布替尼联合BCL-2i可以提供更深、更持久的疗效。利妥昔单抗、伊布替尼、来那度胺联合方案 [14] 在11例 TP53 突变患者亚组中同样获得了较好的疗效,ORR为73%,CR率为64%。

治疗难治性母细胞变异型或伴 TP53 异常MCL最新进展是CD19 CAR-T疗法。在ZUMA-2研究 [15] 的3年随访中,共纳入68例R/R MCL,所有患者为BTK抑制剂治疗后进展, TP53 突变6例,多形性变型4例,母细胞变异型17例。在所有高危MCL患者中观察到显著的治疗反应,其中母细胞变异型患者的中位OS为22.9个月。

异基因造血干细胞移植可以作为 TP53 突变和R/R MCL年轻患者的治疗策略 [16] 。低强度异基因干细胞移植(reduced-intensity allogeneic stem cell transplantation,RIST)可使约30%的患者获得长期无病生存,也适用于年龄大于60岁的患者 [17] 。但移植物抗宿主病(graft versus host disease,GVHD)和20%~25%治疗相关的病死率限制了其临床应用。

目前还有很多新药正在探索中,如非共价BTK抑制剂、ROR1抗体药物偶联物、双特异性抗体等。联合用药如新一代BTK抑制剂(LOXO-305)、BCL-2i联合CD19 CAR-T治疗策略,有望为多形性/母细胞变异型或伴 TP53 异常的MCL患者提供持久和深度的缓解。

(张旭东撰写,张蕾审校)

参考文献

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[2]Kluin-Nelemans HC, Hoster E, Hermine O, et al. Treatment of older patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL): long-term follow-up of the Randomized European MCL Elderly Trial [J]. J Clin Oncol, 2020, 38 (3): 248-256.

[3]Robak T, Jin J, Pylypenko H, et al. Frontline bortezomib, rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone (VR-CAP) versus rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) in transplantation-ineligible patients with newly diagnosed mantle cell lymphoma:final overall survival results of a randomised, open-label, phase 3 study [J]. Lancet Oncol, 2018, 19 (11): 1449-1458.

[4]Visco C, Chiappella A, Nassi L, et al. Rituximab, bendamustine, and low-dose cytarabine as induction therapy in elderly patients with mantle cell lymphoma:a multicentre, phase 2 trial from Fondazione Italiana Linfomi [J]. Lancet Haematol, 2017, 4 (1): e15-e23.

[5]Geisler CH, Kolstad A, Laurell A, et al. Nordic MCL2 trial update:six-year follow-up after intensive immunochemotherapy for untreated mantle cell lymphoma followed by BEAM or BEAC+autologous stem-cell support:still very long survival but late relapses do occur [J]. Br J Haematol, 2012, 158 (3): 355-362.

[6]Romaguera JE, Fayad L, Rodriguez MA, et al. High rate of durable remissions after treatment of newly diagnosed aggressive mantle-cell lymphoma with rituximab plus hyper-CVAD alternating with rituximab plus high-dose methotrexate and cytarabine [J]. J Clin Oncol, 2005, 23 (28): 7013-7023.

[7]Rule S, Dreyling M, Goy A, et al. Outcomes in 370 patients with mantle cell lymphoma treated with ibrutinib:a pooled analysis from three open-label studies [J]. Br J Haematol, 2017, 179 (3): 430-438.

[8]Jain P, Romaguera J, Srour SA, et al. Four-year follow-up of a single arm, phase Ⅱ clinical trial of ibrutinib with rituximab (IR) in patients with relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) [J]. Br J Haematol, 2018, 182 (3): 404-411.

[9]Jain P, Kanagal-Shamanna R, Zhang S, et al. Long-term outcomes and mutation profiling of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) who discontinued ibrutinib [J]. Br J Haematol, 2018, 183 (4): 578-587.

[10]Song Y, Zhou K, Zou D, et al. Treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory mantle-cell lymphoma with zanubrutinib, a selective inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase [J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2020, 26 (16): 4216-4224.

[11]Gine E, De La Cruz F, Jimenez Ubieto A, et al. Ibrutinib in combination with rituximab for indolent clinical forms of mantle cell lymphoma (IMCL-2015): a multicenter, open-label, single-arm, phase Ⅱ trial [J]. J Clin Oncol, 2022, 40 (11): 1196-1205.

[12]Wang M, Rule S, Zinzani PL, et al. Durable response with single-agent acalabrutinib in patients with relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma [J]. Leukemia, 2019, 33 (11): 2762-2766.

[13]Tam CS, Anderson MA, Pott C, et al. Ibrutinib plus venetoclax for the treatment of mantle-cell lymphoma [J]. N Engl J Med, 2018, 378 (13): 1211-1223.

[14]Jerkeman M, Eskelund CW, Hutchings M, et al. Ibrutinib, lenalidomide, and rituximab in relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma (PHILEMON): a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 2 trial [J]. Lancet Haematol, 2018, 5 (3): e109-e116.

[15]Wang M, Munoz J, Goy A, et al. Three-year follow-up of KTE-X19 in patients with relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma, including high-risk subgroups, in the ZUMA-2 study [J]. J Clin Oncol, 2023, 41 (3): 555-567.

[16]Lin RJ, Ho C, Hilden PD, et al. Allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation impacts on outcomes of mantle cell lymphoma with TP53 alterations [J]. Br J Haematol, 2019, 184 (6): 1006-1010.

[17]Robinson SP, Boumendil A, Finel H, et al. Long-term outcome analysis of reduced-intensity allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with mantle cell lymphoma:a retrospective study from the EBMT Lymphoma Working Party [J]. Bone Marrow Transplant, 2018, 53 (5): 617-624. pSbVtvp0mZ/ifhmBTFsgP4ib0ZhmxlU9CyYXbBqBTyDDTW0qGHbwEiC3FwsT3qls

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