从数据到智能的连续体始于高质量数据和数据库管理;考虑到医疗保健数据往往不准确和/或不完整,这一点在医疗保健领域尤为重要。要想在医疗保健领域发展最好的人工智能,就需要从良好的医疗保健数据(数据-智能金字塔的基础层)开始。正如本书开头我们讨论的很多哲学问题,经过处理和解释后,数据会产生意义,从而获得更深层次的信息。计算机以数据为源头,而人类以信息为目的。最近医学图像解读和深度学习的热潮提醒我们数据在生物医学人工智能中的重要性。例如,简单地使用一个大型数据集,如NIH有数十万张图像和标签(注释)的CXR14,为深度学习进行特征选择和提取,并希望诊断工具接近完美,这种想法过于乐观和天真。即使是高信誉机构的大型数据集也有一长串的问题,包括变异性不足、标签方法不佳、标签不准确、水平结构不一致、隐藏分层(由于未标记的发现)、文件不完善、图像质量差等 [15] 。
从信息中人们获得了知识,而知识则源自人们的经验和分析。数据科学有助于将信息转化为有用的知识和智能。因此,智能就是应用这些知识的能力和速度。智慧被认为是一种“知”的质量,它不一定用逻辑来确认观察或做出决定。目前,创新的人工智能方法,特别是深度强化学习、递归皮质网络和认知架构,正在改变着人类的角色,以及在从数据到智能的连续体中对机器的期望。
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