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FOREWORD 001
PART I BACKTRACE EPISTEMOLOGY BEFORE HUSSERL
CHAPTER I EPISTEMOLOGY IN ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHY 003
§1. From Pythagoras to Zeno of Elea 004
a.School of Pythagoras 004
b.Heraclitus on Senses 006
c.Parmenides on Being 008
d.Some Discourses of Zeno 010
e.Anaxagoras: Mutual Knowing in Heterogeneous Species 013
§2. Gorgias and Protagoras 016
a.Gorgias on Language 016
b.Famous Skeptical Proposition 018
c.Protagoras: Strong and Weak Arguments 019
d.Man is the Measurement of Universe 020
§3. Socrates and Plato 024
a.Socratic Definition 027
b.Learning is Remembering 028
c.Plato's Theory of Eídos 030
d.Wax Block Hypothesis, Birdcage Hypothesis 031
§4. Aristotle 035
a.The Certainty of Knowledge 035
b.The Process of Generating Knowledge 036
c.Four Cognitive Abilities 038
d.Science Classification 040
e.The Goals of Knowledge 044
f.Aristotle and Husserl 046
§5. Epicureanism 049
a.Philosophy of Language 050
b.Kanonikon 051
§6. Stoicism 056
a.Kanonikon of Knowledge 057
b.Thoughts and Thought Objects 060
c.Complete and Incomplete Expressions 061
d.Representations, Illusions, the Ways of Obtaining Ideas, etc. 063
§7. Pyrrhonism 065
a.Epoch of Judgment 066
b.Ten Formulae, Five Formulae, Two Formulae 067
c.Kanonikon, Representations and Phenomena, Predicates, etc. 068
CHAPTER II EPISTEMOLOGY IN THEOLOGY OF LATE MIDDLE ANCIENT TIMES 073
§1. Clemens Alexandrinus 073
a.Science and Its Five Related Knowledge 073
b.View of Truth, Poetic Truth 076
c.Attitudes Towards Philosophy 077
§2. Origen 080
a.Three Levels of Wisdom 081
b.Different Expressions of the Soul 083
§3. Tertullian 086
a.Eidolon and Eidos 086
b.Intensity of Sensibility, Criticism of Philosophy 090
c.The Meaning of Soul 092
§4. Lactantius 094
a.The Meaning of Wisdom 094
b.Criticism of Philosophy 097
§5. Athanasius and Marius Victorinus 102
a.Athanasius' Theory of the Soul 102
b.Victorinus's Ontology 104
c.Victorinus's Theory of the Soul 108
§6. Three Distinguished Person of Cappadocia 110
a.Basil on Thinking , Truth, Language, and the State of Life 110
b.Gregory of Nyssa on Philosophy, Intelligence, Order, Wisdom, etc. 113
c.Gregory of Nyssa on Truth and the Soul 117
d.City of Mind Hypothesis 119
e.Mind Playing Hypothesis 120
CHAPTER III EPISTEMOLOGY IN MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY 123
§1. Augustine 123
a.Illuminationismus, Verbum, Symbols 124
b.Truth and False 126
c.The Second Function of the Mind and the Seven Degrees of the Soul 127
d.The Constructural Function of Consciousness 129
e.Memory, Intuition, Will 130
f.Four Forms of Things, the Difference Between Wisdom and Knowledge 134
g.Psychological Causes for Boredom in Teaching 135
h.Analysis of Time Consciousness 137
§2. Proclus 142
a.Nature of Mathematics 143
b.Logoi 146
c.Six Levels of nóēsis 148
d.Manifold（πλῆθος） 150
e.Five Levels of Knowledge 154
f.The Scale of Eternity and the Scale of Time 155
§3. Boethius 157
a.Differences Between Physics, Mathematics, and Theology 157
b.Classification of Cognitive Abilities 158
c.“beings”（esse）as“Pure Forms” 161
§4. Dionysius 163
a.Sensation, Representation, Construction of Transcendental Things 164
b.Causation 165
c.The Power of Word Meaning 167
d.Good People Should Uphold the Truth 169
e.View of Truth 170
f.Negative Theology 171
§5. Maximus the Confessor 172
a.Passion is an Inevitable Element Connecting Knowledge and Life 173
b.Understanding of Human Nature 175
c.Three Movements of the Soul 176
d.Feelings and Imagination 178
e.Five Types of Contemplation of the Mind 179
f.The Relationship Between Time and Eternity 182
g.Manifold Concept 183
h.Monadology 185
i.Types of Emotional 186
§6. Eriugena 189
a.Two Ways of Distinguishing the Nature 190
b.Inner Sense and External Sense 193
c.Three Universal Movements of the Soul 196
d.Materialization of Concepts 198
e.Materialization of Representation 201
f.How the Cognitive Abilities Generated 206
g.“Ignorance is Wisdom” 208
§7. Anselm 211
a.Three Ways to Express Things 211
b.Seven Types of Truth 214
c.Two Types of Necessity 220
d.Willing as a Tool 223
e.Time-Space, Sense, Four Predicates, etc. 228
§8. Hugo de S. Victore 230
a.Wisdom is the Highest Medical Skill in Life 231
b.Classification of Knowledge 234
c.Elements of Legendi 240
§9. Bonaventure 246
a.Illuminationismus: Four Sources of Knowledge 246
b.Classification of Scientific Knowledge 251
c.Six Faculties of the Mind 255
d.Attitude Towards Aristotle 257
e.Thoughts in Cognitive Dynamics 259
§10. Aquinas 263
a.Double Truth Theory 264
b.Inner Sense and the Certainty Therein 270
c.Activeness and Passivity of the Intellect 274
d.The Way Abstract Activities are Generated 278
§11. Occamus 283
a.Division of Terms as Parts of Propositions 283
b.Syncategorematic Terms 287
c.Understanding Symbols 290
d.Four Meanings of Knowledge 293
e.Intuitive Knowledge and Abstract Knowledge 296
§12. Principles for Selecting the Thoughts in the History of Epistemology 298
a.Topic Selection 298
b.Selecting Principles 301
c.The Value of Epistemological History 303
d.Understanding Theological Explanations Methods From Epistemology 305
CHAPTER IV EPISTEMOLOGY SINCE MODERN TIMES 308
§1. Leonardo da Vinci 309
a.Perspective Theory 309
b.The Outline of an Object does not Exist 316
c.Experience is the First Teacher 319
§2. John Locke 322
a.The Origin of Cognition 322
b.Certainty of Knowledge 327
c.The Scope of Human Knowledge 330
§3. Leibniz 335
a.Epistemology in the Sense of Monadology 335
b.Memory, Apperception 340
c.Monadological Reduction and Phenomenological Reduction 344
d.Classification of Scientific Knowledge 346
§4. Bolzano 349
a.The Main Contents of Wissenschaftslehre 350
b.The Origin of Ideas and the Occurrence of Concept 353
c.Simple Ideas and Complex Ideas 356
d.The Difficulties of the Inner Intuition 358
e.What is the Identity of Ideas 360
f.Strength of Ideas 364
g.Strength of Judgment（belief） 366
h.The Occurrence of Judgment and Its Basic Types 368
i.The Nature of Time and Space 371
§5. Helmholtz 374
a.In-depth Questioning of the Problem Will Lead to Epistemology 375
b.Spatial Awareness is the Signature of Nerve Fibers 377
c.Unconscious Reasoning 381
d.Perzeption, Anschauung, Wahrnehmung 385
e.Arithmetic is a Method Based on Purely Psychological Facts 388
f.On Husserl's Critique of Psychologism Through Helmholtz's Thoughts 393
g.Additional Remarks 396
§6. Concluding Remarks of Part I 397
a.The Necessity of Sorting out the Epistemological History 397
b.Four Stages of Epistemology 399
PART II HUSSERL'S EPISTEMOLOGY
CHAPTER V STUDY OF CONSCIOUSNESS STRUCTURE 405
§1. Time Consciousness 406
a.Phenomenological Time and Time Consciousness 406
b.Methodological Significance of Time Consciousness 409
§2. Background Consciousness 410
a.Consciousness Hofe 410
b.Prospect Consciousness 420
c.Substrat Consciousness 421
§3. The Structure of Pure Consciousness 425
a.Reflective Behavior 425
b.Triple Vision of Consciousness Experience 434
c.Defining the“Now”of Consciousness From the Neighborhood 436
d.The Relationship Between Experiencing and Pure Ich 438
e.Structure of Intentionality 443
§4. Noesis and Noema Structure 448
a.Noesis enables consciousness to Become Consciousness 449
b.Parallel Relationship Between Noesis Level and Noema Level 454
c.Many Levels of Noema 459
d.Theoretical Value of Noesis and Noema Structures 462
CHAPTER VI CATEGORY STUDIES 472
§1. The Meaning and Types of Categories 473
a.The Meaning of Categories 473
b.Basic Types of Logical Categories 475
c.Initial Category 478
d.Ontological Division of the Categories of Essential Domain 479
§2. Two Basic Categories 483
a.Sein, Dasein 483
b.The Spontaneity of Ideas 484
§3. Exact Category 489
a.Psychogenesis of Quantity Concept 489
b.Origins of Geometry 496
CHAPTER VII LOGIC STUDIES 504
§1. Basic Characteristics of Logic 505
a.Three Characteristics of Language 505
b.Three Characteristics of Logic 506
c.Double Meaning of Logic 508
§2. Properties of Logic 510
a.Property of a priori 511
b.Formal Properties 511
c.Two-sides 513
§3. Functions of Logic 515
a.Norm Function 515
b.Practice Function 517
c.Ethical Function 519
§4. The Universal Significance That Logical Research Should Have 522
a.The Inner Origin of the Unity of Thoughts 522
b.The Unity of Scientific Thoughts and the Two Aspects of Scientific Research 523
c.The Unity of Positive Science 524
d.Unity as the Object of the Subjective Science of Phenomenology 527
CHAPTER VIII SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION AND OTHER ISSUES 531
§1. Essential Science and Factual Science 531
§2. Formal Ontology 537
§3. Other questions 541
a.Husserl's Subsequent Explanation in His Letter to Mach 541
b.Husserl's Misunderstanding of Avenarius 546
c.Dilthey's Response to the Criticism of Historicism 551
d.Stumpf's Criticism of Husserl's Concept Phenomenology 554
CLOSING WORDS 559
a.Husserl's Ideological Contributions 559
b.Possibility of Mutual Interpretation Between Husserl's Phenomenological and“Yogācārabhūmi śāstra” 566
c.Hypothesis of the Occurrence of Identity in Consciousness 568
d.Epistemological Sciences and Consciousness Studies 576
e.Major Issues in the History of Epistemology 578
REFERENCE 581
SUBJECT INDEX 592
NAME INDEX 618
POSTSCRIPT 625