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Business English—Economy
Hi！ Welcome back to www． engvid． com． I’m Adam． Today’s lesson，we’re going to look at business English． We’re going to talk about the economy． Now， we’re not going to get into too much detail． We’re not going to get into economic theories， etc． What we’re going to look at is some vocabulary that will help you read financial articles and newspapers， or online， or watch financial broadcasts on TV； CNN， Money Matters， etc．，things like that． So， we’re going to look at all these words．
We’re going to start with “GDP” because everything somehow relates to“GDP—gross domestic product”． What is this？ This is the total value， the total monetary value of goods and services produced within a country． So everything that the country produces from toilet paper to airplanes， and services from massage to heart surgery， all the money that’s made from these goods and services together adds up to the GDP． So， when we’re talking about GDP， we’re going to refer back to this expression when we’re talking about some of these other words． So， first， let’s look at “ fiscal”．“ Fiscal”basically means anything to do with money， anything to do with financial matters， especially when we’re talking about taxes． Okay？ So， the most common thing you’ll hear is “ fiscal year”． So when we’re talking about a company’s fiscal year， we’re talking about the beginning of its tax year to the end of its tax year． In some countries， everybody matches this to January to December； in other countries， your fiscal year starts when you start your business， and then one year later is the end of your fiscal year． It’s easier to match it to the calendar year， but’
A “ quarter”． Now， you’re going to always hear about prices， and stocks， and values going up or down over the last quarter or over the last two quarters． What is a“ quarter”？ It’s basically three months． So if you’re talking about the first quarter of the year， you’re talking about January，February， March． That’s your first quarter． Your next three months， second quarter． Four quarters makes one year．
“Currency”． I think everybody knows this word， but just in case， this is the money that is used in a country or a region． This is the monetary value that is used for exchanges， trades， investments， etc． In Canada， we use the Canadian dollar． In the U． S．， they use the American dollar． Euro in Europe， etc．
A “budget”． A “budget” or“to budget”， it can be a noun or a verb，means to make a plan on how to spend a certain amount of money． So， for example， a government has this much money that they need to spend， or they have a plan that they want to spend this much money． Now， they want to spend a million dollars． I’m being very simple， here； I’m not going to get into big numbers． They need to spend a million dollars to provide all the services that they need and to buy all the materials that they need to import，etc． If they are running on a deficit， that means that they need to spend more money than they have． They have to spend on things to bring in or to run the country， but they don’t have． So if they need to spend a million dollars but the revenues of the country are only＄900，000， then they will run on＄100，000 deficit． “Surplus” is the opposite．“ Surplus” means the government or any company is producing or earning more than it is spending． You don’t have to apply this to a government． It also means you have more money than you need for the budget． So if I need to spend a million dollars over the next year， but I have a million and a half， then I have half a million dollar surplus， which is always a good thing．
“Inflation ／ deflation”．“Inflation” is when prices of goods and services go up， but wages stay the same． So， basically， the purchase power of the individual goes down． You have the same amount of money， but you can buy fewer things or you can hire fewer people to do to have services for you．“Deflation” is the opposite． That’s when prices go down， and the value of your dollar or your currency goes up． Both situations are not good． A little bit of each is okay． Too much of each is bad for the economy． People think deflation is good because prices go down， but then companies don’t produce as much things because they’re not making as much money，so unemployment goes up． So， you have to be careful with both of them．Inflation， prices go too high， people can’t afford things． Deflation，companies don’t want to produce．
参考译文
商务英语――经济
欢迎回到本节目。我是Adam。在今天的课程中，我们来看看商务英语，学习与经济相关的内容。我们不会讲得太细致，不是要学习经济理论。我们要学的是一些词汇，可以帮助大家阅读金融文章或报纸，或是在网上、电视上观看金融节目：CNN、“Money Matters”等。所以我们要学习这些词汇。
我们从“GDP”开始，因为所有事情或多或少都和它有关。 GDP即国内生产总值。
什么是GDP？ GDP指的是总值，一个国家所生产商品和服务的总货币价值。一个国家生产的一切商品，如厕纸、飞机，以及各种服务，如按摩和心脏手术，这些商品和服务所挣得的所有钱加起来就是GDP。所以当我们谈及其他词时，我们还会提到这个表达。嗯，首先我们来看看“财政的”（Fiscal）。“财政的”指的是任何与钱相关的事物，任何与金融问题相关的事物，尤其是当我们谈论税收时。所以大家最常听到的是“财年”（Fiscal Year）。当我们谈论一个公司的财年，我们所谈论的是该公司的纳税年度。在一些国家，纳税年度是从一月到十二月；在其他国家，财年开始于创业的那一年，一年之后即为财年年末。和日历年匹配比较容易，但是……
季度（Quarter）。大家经常听到价格、股票以及价值在最后一个季度或在过去的两个季度内上涨或下跌。什么是“季度”呢？一般指三个月。所以如果你在谈论今年的第一季度，你所指的是一月、二月和三月。这就是第一季度。接下来的三个月是第二季度。四个季度为一年。
货币（Currency）。我觉得大家可能都知道这个词，但还是得讲讲，这是每个国家或地区所使用的钱。这是用于兑换、交易、投资等的货币价值。在加拿大，人们用的是加元；美国是美元；欧洲是欧元。
预算（Budget）。这个词可用作名词或动词，指的是为如何花一定数量的钱制订一个计划。例如，政府需要花一笔钱，或者他们计划要花这么一笔钱。比如，他们想要花一百万美元。简单点，我不打算讨论大的数字。他们需要花一百万提供他们所需要的所有服务，以及购买进口材料等。如果他们正处于赤字状态，那就意味着他们需要花的钱比他们拥有的钱更多。他们必须花钱来进口东西或者管理国家，但是他们没有。如果他们需要花一百万，但这个国家的收入只有九十万，那么他们就有十万赤字。“盈余”（Surplus）则相反。盈余是指政府或公司挣得比花得多。这个词不仅仅用于政府。也可以指你手头上的钱比你预算所需的钱更多。所以如果我明年需要花一百万，但我有一百五十万，那么我就有五十万的盈余。有盈余总是好事。
通货膨胀和通货紧缩（ Inflation ／ Deflation）。“通货膨胀”是指商品和服务价格上涨，但工资不变。所以一个人的购买能力下降了。手里的钱不变，但你能买的东西少了或你能雇佣为你提供服务的人少了。“通货紧缩”则相反，指的是价格下降，你手里的钱增值了。两种情况都不好。情况不严重，问题不大；情况严重，就会对经济不利。人们通常以为通货紧缩是好事，因为价格下降了。但这种情况下公司就不会生产太多商品，因为他们挣不到什么钱了，这样失业率就会上升。通货膨胀，价格过高，人们买不起。通货紧缩，公司不想生产商品。所以两种情况都要小心应对。