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第九节
颈淋巴结清扫术

颈淋巴结清扫指基于颈部分区(即:中央区、侧颈区),将颈部指定分区内的所有纤维脂肪组织和淋巴组织整块切除,同时保留重要结构。其术式来源于根治性切除肿瘤的理念,即将原发灶和可能发生的侵犯转移的区域淋巴结和软组织一并切除,减少肿瘤复发转移风险。

19世纪末,受对人体解剖及肿瘤的了解和外科手术的发展所限,恶性肿瘤切除后复发率很高。Crile 受到乳腺癌Halsted手术的启发,首次提出将全颈淋巴结清扫应用于头颈部恶性肿瘤中,并将结果发表在1905年JAMA杂志中,被视为根治性颈清扫术的鼻祖,也是各种形式的改良颈清扫术的开创者。颈淋巴结清扫术开始进入了制定规范化的时代,同时也是肿瘤外科学形成的早期,对恶性肿瘤需要大面积广泛整块切除的年代。

Martin于1951年在Cancer杂志发表了经典的文献,其总结了纽约Sloan-Kettering肿瘤中心1928—1945年的599例患者,共665例(双颈清扫66例)手术经验。Martin提出了颈清扫的范围(按照目前分区为Ⅰ~Ⅴ区),并需切除肌肉、神经、血管等。由于对肿瘤根治性治疗认识的历史局限性,为了提高生存率,以牺牲局部功能来保全整体。20世纪60年后改良性颈清扫(modified neck dissection)或功能性颈清扫(functionnal neck dissection)开始被提出,即保留如胸锁乳突肌、颈内静脉及副神经的非淋巴组织,减少手术创伤,清扫范围和经典的颈清扫范围一致。20世纪80年代后,择区性颈清扫术(selective neck dissection)被提出,例如cN0及cN1的舌癌患者,根据国内外文献报道,择区性颈清扫术疗效与全颈清扫术相当,但手术并发症减少。

在国内最早是于1943年由金显宅教授开展第一例颈淋巴结清扫,用于下牙龈癌根治术;李树玲教授于1963年首次将功能性颈清扫术术式应用于甲状腺癌治疗;李振权教授(中山大学肿瘤防治中心)于1964年提出改良颈清扫术式——李振权式颈淋巴结清扫术,随后在20世纪80年代成为国内的颈清扫术式规范。

20世纪80年代,纽约纪念Sloan-Kettering医院将颈淋巴结分为7个区(level),包括常用的6个区,还补充了第7区即纵隔上区。1991年美国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科学院提出将颈部淋巴结分为6个区,并将颈淋巴结清扫术分为4类(表1-4):①经典性颈清扫术。②改良性颈清扫术。③择区性颈清扫术(包括肩胛舌骨肌上颈清扫、颈侧清扫、颈后侧清扫、颈前清扫4类)。④扩大颈清扫术。2002年建议将择区性清扫术分类改为注明清扫的分区,同时提出将Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区及Ⅴ区分为a和b两个亚区。2008年美国头颈学会建议头颈部淋巴结分区在6区以外加用解剖名称,如咽后淋巴结、枕淋巴结、腮腺淋巴结、上纵隔淋巴结等。

颈淋巴结分区(图1-31):

1.Ⅰ区(level Ⅰ)。包括颏下(a)及下颌下区(b)的淋巴结群。

表1-4 颈淋巴结清扫术分类

图1-31 颈部淋巴结分区

2.Ⅱ区(level Ⅱ)。前界为茎突舌骨肌,后界为胸锁乳突肌后缘上1/3,上界颅底,下界平舌骨下缘。以在该区中前上行向后下的副神经为界分为前下的a区和后上的b区。

3.Ⅲ区(level Ⅲ)。前界为胸骨舌骨肌外缘,后界为胸锁乳突肌后缘中1/3,下界为肩胛舌骨肌与颈内静脉交叉平面(环状软骨下缘水平)。

4.Ⅳ区(level Ⅳ)。为Ⅲ区向下的延续,下界为锁骨上缘,后界胸锁乳突肌后缘下1/3段。

5.Ⅴ区(level Ⅴ)。即颈后三角区及锁骨上区。前界邻接Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ区后界,后界为斜方肌前缘。以环状软骨下缘平面分为上方的a区(颈后三角区)和下方的b区(锁骨上区),包括颈深淋巴结副神经链和锁骨上淋巴结群。

6.Ⅵ区(level Ⅵ)。带状肌覆盖区域,上界为舌骨下缘,下界为胸骨上缘,两侧颈总动脉为两边界,包括内脏旁淋巴结群。

7.Ⅶ区(level Ⅶ)。为胸骨上缘至主动脉弓上缘的上纵隔区。

(杨安奎 杨中元)

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