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第三节
防控策略

鼻咽癌的病因尚不完全清楚,EB病毒感染和鼻咽癌虽然密切相关,但其机制尚未阐明,因此现在仍无足够的依据采取针对EB病毒感染的一级预防措施,也无法预测干预的效果;遗传因素作为鼻咽癌的病因之一,其致病机制也尚未研究清楚,缺乏有效的干预靶点。随着社会经济的发展和饮食卫生知识的宣传,咸鱼的消费量大大下降,特别是给婴幼儿喂食咸鱼的饮食习惯已不复存在,这个最主要的环境因素已被自然干预,但鼻咽癌在我国华南等地依旧高发。因此鼻咽癌的防控措施主要是二级预防即鼻咽癌的早期发现、早期诊断和早期治疗,而二级预防的主要手段是筛查。

适合进行筛查的疾病具备以下3个条件:①被筛查疾病严重危害人群的健康甚至生命;②疾病的早期诊断能提高治疗效果;③疾病有足够长的临床前期。如前所述,在鼻咽癌高发区,在治疗技术不断更新的当下,男性鼻咽癌的世界标准人口标化死亡率(ASMRW)仍在6/10万左右;我们回顾性分析了中山大学肿瘤防治中心2002—2011年的7 081例鼻咽癌患者,发现约80%的患者为局部区域晚期,五年总生存率仅为60%,虽然Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期鼻咽癌患者五年总生存率达到96.3%和85%,但其占比仅为5%和15% [95] ;季明芳等经过16年时间通过对42 048例成人进行血清学VCA-IgA重复筛查和临床追踪观察,发现在鼻咽癌确诊前,机体有一个对EB病毒较强的抗体反应期(即窗口期),可长达10年,平均为(37±28)个月 [96] 。目前常用于鼻咽癌早期筛查的方法主要有头颈部检查、EB病毒血清学检查、鼻咽纤维镜或鼻咽部磁共振检查等,其中头颈部检查及EB病毒血清学检查主要用于初筛,初筛阳性者进一步做鼻咽纤维镜和/或鼻咽部磁共振检查,本节主要介绍EB病毒血清学抗体和EB病毒DNA在鼻咽癌筛查中的应用。

一 EB病毒血清学抗体

潜伏在鼻咽上皮的EB病毒被激活进入溶解性周期复制后,可被机体免疫系统识别,并产生抗EB病毒衣壳抗原抗体(VCA-IgA)、抗EB病毒早期抗原抗体(EA-IgA)、抗EB病毒核抗原1-抗体(EBNA1-IgA)等抗体。VCA是EB病毒增殖后期合成的结构蛋白,存在于细胞质和细胞核内,VCA与EB病毒DNA组成核衣壳;EA则是在EB病毒增殖开始时产生的,是EB病毒增殖早期诱导的非结构蛋白,是EB病毒增殖活跃的标志;EBNA1是唯一在所有与EB病毒相关肿瘤中均表达的病毒编码抗原,是EB病毒感染后最早表达的病毒蛋白之一,也是细胞转化必需的抗原。自20世纪70年代以来,上述抗体就作为初筛指标被用于鼻咽癌高发区的人群筛查。随着筛查经验的不断积累,筛查方案也在不断更新发展当中。

运用免疫荧光法(immunofluorescence assay,IFA)检测的EB病毒VCA-IgA抗体和EA-IgA抗体于1978年首次作为初筛指标应用于鼻咽癌筛查,12 934人的前瞻性队列中共发现13例鼻咽癌患者,其中9人为Ⅰ期患者,4人为Ⅱ期患者,这表明EB病毒血清学抗体的检测可以提高鼻咽癌早诊率,该方案随即被确立为当时的鼻咽癌筛查标准方案 [97] 。随后,Huang等使用相同的筛查策略,对广东省98 180名年龄在30~59岁的人群开展了一个为期10年的前瞻性筛查研究,该研究显示IFA检测的EB病毒VCA-IgA抗体和EA-IgA抗体阳性预测值(positive predictive value,PPV)仅为0.11%~0.53% [98] 。不仅如此,传统的IFA检测还有缺乏标准化方法、耗时较长等缺点,因此它不适用于大规模检测和自动化处理。2008年曹素梅等在我国南方开展了一项二阶段研究,结果发现酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)法检测VCA-IgA和EA-IgA的诊断性能优于同一血清标志物的IFA,并在6种血清标志物(VCA-IgA、EA-IgA、EBNA1-IgA、EBNA1-IgG、Zta-IgA和Rta-IgG)中发现VCA-IgA与EBNA1-IgA为鼻咽癌筛查的最佳组合,特异性可达98.5%,灵敏度达到75%以上 [99] ,基于此研究设计的筛查方案[用ELISA法检测VCA-IgA和EBNA1-IgA,将抗体的相对光密度值(relative optical density,rOD)代入根据前期研究得出的Logistic回归方程计算LogitP值来评估患癌风险,LogitP<0.65判定为阴性,0.65≤LogitP<0.98判定为阳性,LogitP≥0.98判定为高危]也成为2009年后高发区鼻咽癌筛查的血清学技术方案并被收入国家癌症早诊早治项目技术方案。截至2014年,该筛查方案在广东省中山、四会等市共筛查出62例鼻咽癌(每发现一例鼻咽癌,需花费4 386美元),其中49例患者处于早期(Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期),早期发现率79.0%,确实有效地提高了鼻咽癌早诊率;但是,在1 164例高危人群中仅有56例被确诊为鼻咽癌,阳性预测值(PPV)为4.8% [100] 。筛查阳性人群中假阳性过多会给个体带来不必要的检查和精神负担,因此仍需要新的筛查指标来改善阳性预测值。

二 EB病毒DNA

血浆或血清中的EB病毒DNA是继EB病毒血清学抗体滴度之后最受关注的筛查指标,已经获得了广泛的认可。MUTIRANGURA A运用巢式聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)技术于1998年首次揭示了外周血游离EB病毒DNA和鼻咽癌的关系。该研究检测了42例鼻咽癌患者和82例曾感染EB病毒的健康人血清中EB病毒的DNA,结果13例(31%)鼻咽癌患者的血清中能检测到EB病毒DNA的存在,而82例正常对照组均为阴性 [101] 。随后Dennis Lo利用定量聚合酶链反应(real-time quantitative PCR)技术,检测血浆中EB病毒DNA BamHI-W区的一段序列,使筛查敏感度和特异度提高到90%以上 [102] 。2004年,Lin等通过基因表型分析证实EB病毒DNA来源于鼻咽癌原发肿瘤,并进一步证实其血清拷贝数与鼻咽癌患者的预后相关 [103] 。Chan KC的研究发现,EB病毒DNA主要是肿瘤细胞凋亡或坏死之后裂解释放的片段,且片段相对较短,87%的片段短于181bp [104] 。由于鼻咽癌早期肿瘤体积较小,理论上能释放进入血浆中的EB病毒DNA有限,所以血浆中EB病毒DNA载量对于早期鼻咽癌诊断的敏感度可能会低于中晚期 [105-106] 。2014年季明芳等报道了对825例VCA-IgA和EBNA1-IgA判断为高危(PROB≥0.98)的人群进行EB病毒DNA检测以评估其在鼻咽癌筛查中的作用,结果显示以0 copies/mL作为临界值,在随访的第一年内,38例鼻咽癌患者中有33例EB病毒DNA阳性,敏感度为86.8%,阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为30%(33/110)和99.3%(696/701),早期鼻咽癌患者的敏感性(81.5%,22/27)低于晚期鼻咽癌患者(100%,11/11)。在随访1年后的新发鼻咽癌患者中,只有50%(7/14)的患者基线时的EB病毒DNA为阳性 [106] 。但是2017年Chan KC通过重复检测血浆EB病毒DNA,降低了假阳性的数量,并对持续阳性的人群进行了鼻咽纤维镜和磁共振检查以避免早期鼻咽癌的漏诊,使得血浆EB病毒DNA筛查鼻咽癌的敏感性和特异性分别达到97.1%和98.6%,阳性预测值达到11%,Ⅰ期或Ⅱ期鼻咽癌的比例达到71% [107] 。二次血浆检测有可能使筛查人群的依从性下降,而阳性人群全部检测鼻咽纤维镜和磁共振则使筛查的成本大大增加,发现一例鼻咽癌患者平均需要花费28 600美元,是上述血清学筛查方案的6倍,以上原因都有可能阻碍其进一步直接应用到大规模的人群筛查中。为此该团队进一步对血浆中EB病毒DNA片段进行测序,通过分析片段长度和丰富度等 EB病毒DNA的特征,发现鼻咽癌患者的EB病毒DNA片段更长,拷贝数更多,基于这些特征去筛查,可以使阳性预测值能达到19.6%,且不需要进行二次检测 [108] 。2019年,Dennis Lo课题组在《自然通讯》( Nature Communications )杂志上发表了一篇文章,称通过对血浆中EB病毒DNA甲基化的差别进行分析,进一步提高了血浆中EB病毒DNA筛查的阳性预测值 [109] 。这些研究成果为EB病毒DNA后续应用于大规模的人群筛查提供了可能性。

(江柔)

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