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1.3 恒真体的“未”和句末词“矣”

“未”作为代动词(pro-verb),经常替代“未+VP”,如:

(1)学诗乎?对曰未也。(《论语·季氏》)

Have you studied the Book of Songs? Answer: Not yet.LY 16.13.

不过,也有这样的例子:

(2)有诸?对曰未也。(《孟子·公孙丑下》)

Is that true? Answer: I did not go as far as that! Meng 2 B 8.

在这里,“未”是“未之有”的缩略,“未”绝对不表示“not yet(尚未)”。

还有以下一对例子:

(3)天下未之闻也。(《韩非子·外储说右下》)

No one in the world has heard of this yet.HF 35(256.6).

(4)天下未之有也。(《庄子·胠篋》)

No such thing ever happens in the world.Zhuang 10.12.

西方语法学界一般认为,上古汉语中“未”表示“尚未(not yet)”或者“未曾(never)”。也注意到“未”所在的小句句末从不出现“矣”,而与之相对,“已”所在的小句经常出现“矣”。(《庄子·知北游》中有一个有意思的例外。)

在这一小节,我想阐明,还存在无时间性的(non temporal)、“恒真”的“未”,它和基本时态中的“尚未(not yet)”有关系,但有明显的差别。在这种“恒真”的意义上,“未”的意思变成了“未必(not necessarily)”“不完全(not quite)”等,就像在“99 still isn’t 100”中无时态的“still”一样。恒真体(gnomic)的“未”指向的是逻辑关系,而不是时态序列。

(5)可也,未若贫而乐、富而好礼者也。(《论语·学而》)

That’s all right! But it hasn’t got to the stage of being as good as being joyful in poverty or loving ritual as a rich man.LY 1.15

绝对没有人认为孔子所描述的事情的状态在后一个阶段发生了变化。翻译成“But it is never as good as…(但未曾比得上……)”似乎不合适。

(6)由是观之,吾未知亡国之主,不可以为贤主。(《吕氏春秋·用众》)

From this point of view I am not so sure that a king who has lost a state cannot become a talented ruler.LSCQ 4.5.

用“我尚不知道(I don’t know yet)”和“我未曾知道(I never know)”来翻译这种“未知”是不恰当的。

(7)若令桀、纣知必国亡身死,殄无后类,吾未知其厉为无道之至于此也。(《吕氏春秋·禁塞》)

If Jie and Zhou had known that their states were certain to be lost, that they themselves were certain to die and go under without successors, I am not so sure that their cruelty and immorality would have gone so far.LSCQ 7.4.

(8)吾未知圣知之不为桁杨椄槢也,仁义之不为桎梏凿枘也。(《庄子·在宥》)

I am not so sure that the knowledge of the sages should not be taken to be the wedge that fastens the cangue,that goodness and duty shouldn’t be taken to be the loop and lock of these fetters and manacles.Zhuang 11.27.(有两个例子。)

毫无疑问,习语“未知”的意思常常是“我怀疑不是(I suspect that not)”。(和英语习语句子作比较:I don’t know that she is so pretty!〔我不知道她这么漂亮!〕)但是“未知”所表达的微妙的意思并不总是相同的。比较下列句子:

(9)而未知吾所谓之其果有谓乎?其果无谓乎?(《庄子·齐物论》)

But I am not so sure whether what I have said in fact has a meaning or does not have a meaning.Zhuang 2.51

(10)俄而有无矣,而未知有无之果孰有孰无也。(《庄子·齐物论》)

Suddenly there is being and nothingness.And I am not so sure which of them there is and which of them there is not.Zhuang 2.50.可参照《庄子·天地》《庄子·至乐》中的例句。

认识到“未”在这样的语境中不是“尚未(not yet)”的意思极其重要。否则人们就得怀疑庄子认为这些问题最终是有正确答案的。那绝对是极大的误解。

“未足”组合可以翻译为“not yet sufficient(尚且不足)”,但是重要的是这里的“yet”表示的是逻辑,而不是时态。

(11)士志于道而耻恶衣恶食者,未足与议也。(《论语·里仁》)

When a knight is intent on the Way but is ashamed of bad clothes and bad food, he is not quite worth talking to.LY 4.9.

这里是“未”而不是“不”,表明话题中所说的那类“士”,只满足值得与之议事的部分条件,而不是所有条件。他离“足与议”还有差距。可与下例比较:

(12)其余不足观也已。(《论语·泰伯》)

The rest is just not worth looking at.LY 8.11.参照《论语·宪问》中的例句。

“不足”和“未足”的不同不仅存在于《论语》中:

(13)烈士为天下见善矣,未足以活身。(《庄子·至乐》)

The distinguished knight may be considered good by everyone in the world,but that is not necessarily sufficient to keep him alive.Zhuang 18.6.(注意这个不同寻常的被动句!)

如果我对“未”的理解正确,这个用法一定意味着:我们很自然地认为,一个“为天下见善”的人不会因为这个原因丢了性命。“未足(is not necessarily sufficient)”和“不足(is insufficient)”形成鲜明对比,前者意味着“不必然是充分的(is not necessarily sufficient)”,后者意味着“不充分(is insufficient)”。

(14)由此观之,贤智未足以服众。(《韩非子·难势》)

From this point of view talent and knowledge are not by themselves sufficient to bring the masses to heel.HF 40(297.8).

这里的表达观点不是贤智之人总是不足以服众,也不是贤智之人将来可能足以服众。

(15)方马埋轮,未足恃也。(《孙子·九地》)

Hobbled horses and buried wheels are not by themselves sufficient to rely on(for preventing defending troops from fleeing).Sun 11.31.

“不可X(un-X-worthy)”和“未可X也(not quite X worthy)”似乎有明显的差别。将这种差别记在心里是有用的,虽然刚开始会觉得这是一件棘手的事:

(16)贵贱有时,未可以为常也。(《庄子·秋水》)

High status and low status have their times.They cannot necessarily be taken to be constant.Zhuang 17.35.

如果我对于“未”的理解正确,那么庄子用“未”而不用“不”,表示他知道社会(阶级)流动的限度。他好像觉得,在这种语境下“不”是一个太重的词。

“未可X也”的意思可以是“not quite X able(不是完全可以X)”:

(17)所食之粟,伯夷之所树,抑亦盗跖之所树欤?是未可知也。(《孟子·滕文公下》)

Was the millet he ate grown by a(worthy like)Bo Yi, or by the bandit Zhi? One does not have sufficient information to know.Meng 3 B 10.

翻译成“the answer cannot be known(答案不可知)”也没有错得离谱,但是不够精确。

“未尽”的意思看上去是“并非完全(not quite completely)”,这也正是我们所期望的:

(18)谓武尽美矣,未尽善也。(《论语·八佾》)

He said the Wu was completely beautiful, but not quite completely good.LY 3.25.

(19)二子之于法术皆未尽善也。(《韩非子·定法》)

In relation to law and“the arts”the two were both not quite completely good.HF 43(306.9).可参照《韩非子·定法》中的例句。

(20)管仲不死,曰未仁乎?(《论语·宪问》)

Guan Zhong did not die for him.Do we say he fell short of goodness? LY 14.16.

如果我们读到的是“不仁乎”,也许会翻译为“Do we say he was a scoundrel?(我们说他是个恶人吗?)”“未”在这里似乎表示类似于“不完全(not quite)”这样的意思,但有的人可能会翻译成“Do we say he was not good yet(at that stage)?(我们说他〔在那个阶段〕尚且不够好吗?)”

(21)吾未之乐也,亦未之不乐也。(《庄子·至乐》)

I do not quite enjoy it, but I don’t quite not enjoy it either.Zhuang 18.10.

(22)里人有病,里人问之。病者能言其病,然其病病者犹未病也。(《庄子·庚桑楚》)

When a villager is ill, but talks about his illness when the villagers ask him, in such a case the person who considers his illness as an illness is still not quite ill.Zhuang 23.33.

这是南荣趎讲述的他平日的一个观察。他说了里人病了,如果最后他下结论说那个人尚未生病就很奇怪。这里的观点显然是他不是真的有病。和《老子》对同一主题的论述相比较,会很有启发性:

(23)圣人不病,以其病病,是以不病。(《老子》第七十一章)

The Sage does not get ill.Because he considers illness as illness he does not get ill.Lao 71.

这里的观点是,圣人是超越疾病的。在重要的意义上,他完全不会生病!老子是故意自相矛盾,而南荣趎是在常识的意义上说的。

“未”的意思常常可以阐释为“not necessarily(未必)”。

(24)可与共学未可与适道。(《论语·子罕》)

When someone is fit to study with he is not necessarily fit to reach the Way with.LY 9.30.(文中有三例。)

(25)乡人皆好之如何?子曰:未可也。(《论语·子路》)

“What about someone whom everybody in the district loves?”

The Master said“He is not necessarily commendable”.LY 13.24.

孔子的观点是,一个人这样被喜爱,并不意味着由于如此被喜爱而满足“可(all right)”的所有条件。他不是说这样的人未曾行,或者他尚且不够行但将来会行。

我们所讨论的语法差异,在这样的句子中有深刻的哲学意义:

(26)天下是非果未可定也。(《庄子·至乐》)

In the end one cannot quite fix or pin down right and wrong in this world.Zhuang 18.11.

我们不再因语法上的限制而将这里的“未”视为“never(未曾)”。然而,我们是否应该继续这样做,这个问题太复杂了,目前无法深入探讨。

在这个背景下,“必”的否定形式是习语“未必”就不奇怪了。

(27)穷为匹夫未必贱。(《庄子·盗跖》)

Someone as poor as the common man in the street is not necessarily vulgar.Zhuang 2 9.6 2.可参照《庄子·外物》中的例句。

《韩非子》中有多达17 例“未必”,没有一个我们可以理解为“he never has to”或者“you don’t have to…as yet”。

(28)修士者未必智,智士者未必信。(《韩非子·八说》)

A cultivated knight is not necessarily wise, and a wise knight is not necessarily trustworthy.HF 47(325.4).

逻辑上的关键点在于,在这些“未必”短语中没有暗示事情在将来会或将来可能会变得必要。

习语“未必”的确切含义完美地呈现在这个句子里:

(29)故涂之人可以为禹,则然,涂之能为禹未必然也。(《荀子·性恶》)

Thus a dirty man from the street may become an Yu.That is so.But it is not for that reason necessarily so that the dirty man from the street is able to become an Yu.Xun 23.72.

和“未可谓”相对的还有“可谓……矣”,常见的例子有:

(30)若此则可谓直士矣。(《荀子·不苟》)

If someone is like that then he may properly be called a straightforward knight.Xun 3.420.(5例)

“则可谓X矣”组合仅仅在《荀子》中就至少出现了17次,值得指出的是:“可VERB”组合在别的语境中非常有规则地以语气词“也”结句,极少用“矣”。

在有“则”的条件句的结论小句(apodosis)中,句末常常有“矣”,这个现象现在可以这么解释:“矣”用在这些条件句中,表明前提分句中所提到的条件,对于确保结论小句中的事实而言,是完全充分的。我做这样解释的关键证据,是条件句中的“矣”可以在相当抽象的无时间性的句子中出现:

(31)类与不类,相与为类,则与彼无以异矣。(《庄子·齐物论》)

When the similar and the dissimilar form one similarity class, then they are indistinguishable from a different thing.Zhuang 2.48.

我对句子中的抽象观点所作的精确解释,也许还会被一些人吹毛求疵,但毋庸置疑的是,例句的论证是逻辑论证,因此“矣”在这里不是一个时间标记。

而且,即使当话题很明显具有历史性时,条件句中的“矣”也常常可以不视为时间标记:

(32)伊尹毋变殷,太公毋变周,则汤武不王矣。(《韩非子·南面》)

If Yi Yin had not transformed the Yin,and if Tai Gong had not transformed the Zhou,then Tang and Wu would not have become true kings.HF18(87.7).(2 例)可参照《庄子·秋水》中的例句。

并不是说汤和武不会成为真的王!事实证明,句型“则……矣”极其常见。(比如,在《慎子逸文》中有28 例“矣”,其中这个句型至少有22例。)通过大量的例(26)和(32)这样的例子,我们现在可以理直气壮地将“矣”看作恒真体的“未”的对立面。

在条件句语境之外的情况也是这样。但我们不在这里详细讨论众所周知的被曲解的虚词“矣”。 GnqW0J7rQBOZf8q+1flRG1Muo4avLkd2HJ5W+oT/hlEQpVeuje9bLnrr3pPA3mOJ

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