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Medical literature is the scientific literature of medicine：articles in journals and texts in books devoted ① to the field of medicine.Many references to the medical literature include the health care literature generally，including that of dentistry，veterinary medicine，pharmacy，nursing，and the allied health professions.
① devote ［dɪˈvəʊt］v.奉献，把……奉献（给）
Contemporary and historic views regarding diagnosis，prognosis and treatment of medical conditions have been documented for thousands of years. Edwin Smith Papyrus （c.1600 BC），ancient Egyptian medical treatise，is believed to be a copy of a work dating from c.3000 BC.Apparently intended as a textbook on surgery，it begins with clinical cases of head injuries and works systematically down the body，describing in detail examination，diagnosis，treatment，and prognosis in each case.It reveals the ancient Egyptians’ knowledge of the relation of the pulse to the heart and of the workings of the stomach，bowels，and larger blood vessels.
Throughout history people have written about diseases，how human beings might contract them and what could be done to remedy them.Medicine ranges from folklore ② ， witchcraft ③ to the current evidence-based medicine ④ .After incorporating the scientific method，medical literature has introduced peer review，and is currently divided into journals and textbooks.
② folklore ［ˈfəʊklɔː（r）］n.民间传说
③ witchcraft ［ˈwɪtʃkrɑ：ft］n.巫术
④ evidence-based medicine ［ˈevɪdəns beɪst ˈmedɪsn］循证医学
These are publications in which the medical community shares information.The common articles are original articles， reviews ⑤ and case reports.
⑤ review ［rɪˈvjuː］n.综述
Original articles describe methods，results，discussion and conclusions and a new research that is conducted by the authors.Although according to the evidence-based medicine consensus ① the randomized controlled trials are the gold-standard for medical research，currently，they constitute ② only a minority of conducted research.
① consensus ［kənˈsensəs］n.共识
② constitute ［ˈkɒnstɪtjuːt］v.组成，构成
A review is an overview of one particular topic of clinical interest in order to refresh the readers’ memory，enhance an emergence ③ concept or summarize recent publications that haven’t appeared in the textbooks yet.Other types of reviews include the systematic review ④ and metaanalysis ⑤ in which a specific clinical dilemma ⑥ is answered by collecting and summarizing all published data regarding this question.
③ emergence ［ɪˈməːdʒəns］n.出现，兴起
④ systematic review ［ˌsɪstəˈmætɪk rɪˈvjuː］系统综述
⑤ meta-analysis ［ˈmetə əˈnæləsɪs］n.荟萃分析，元分析，meta分析
⑥ dilemma ［dɪˈlemə］n.窘境，困境
Case reports are descriptions of clinical cases of rare phenomena or new clinical methods.Case reports may be of value in assessing unusual medical conditions that cannot be studied in clinical trials.Currently，most of the top-ranked medical journals do not publish case reports because of space constraints or a preference for larger，more definitive studies.
When looking for specific information in any journal one can use the National Library of Medicine ' s PubMed database ⑦ .Peer reviewed journals are ranked higher thus are better sources for medical information than non-peer reviewed journals.
⑦ National Library of Medicineˈs PubMed database（美国）国家医学图书馆的PubMed数据库
A medical manual is a literature（usually a book）describing diagnosis，treatment，management，and prognosis of various disorders.The first known medical manual is the Edwin Smith papyrus of ancient Egypt.
After consensus has been reached，it is incorporated in textbooks.There are textbooks on every medical specialty and they contain comprehensive discussion on all diseases and their diagnosis，therapy and prognosis.The first textbook to utilize experts to write specific chapters within the book was the Cecil Textbook of Medicine ⑧ edited by Russell Cecil，MD in 1927.The book was an immediate international success because of the idea that single or double author medical books was outmoded ⑨ ，“since the scope of medical knowledge was far surpassing the capacity of any single individual to encompass”.Since that time，this has been the standard.Examples are：
⑧ Cecil Textbook of Medicine ［ˈsɪsəl ˈtekstbuk əv ˈmedɪsn］希氏内科学，西氏内科学，西塞尔内科学
⑨ outmode ［aʊtˈməʊd］v.使过时
Cecil Textbook of Medicine
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine ①
① Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 《哈里森内科学原理》
The Oxford Textbook of Medicine ②
② The Oxford Textbook of Medicine 《牛津医学教科书》
Sabiston Textbook of Surgery ③
③ Sabiston Textbook of Surgery 《克氏外科学》
Harrison's Principal of Internal Medicine is widely considered the most read textbook of medicine ever.It was able to eclipse Cecil's by changing the organization.Instead of organizing by disease，Tinsley Harrison organized the book by region and symptom，allowing students to learn the myriad causes of a patient's symptom，without first knowing the specific disease.Harrison's is also credited for a strong commitment to linking basic science to clinical medicine.
Since its first publication in 1936， Sabiston Textbook of Surgery has been regarded as the preeminent source for definitive guidance in all areas of general surgery.The 20th edition continues the rich tradition of quality that has made this classic text synonymous with the specialty and a part of generations of surgery residents and practitioners.Meticulously updated throughout，this classic text concisely covers the breadth of material needed for certification and practice of general surgery.Detailed，full-color intraoperative illustrations and high-quality video clips capture key teaching moments，allowing you to better understand the basic science of surgery，make the most informed decisions and achieve optimal outcomes for every patient.
The Science Citation Index ④ （SCI）is a citation index originally produced by the Institute for Scientific Information ⑤ （ISI）and created by Eugene Garfield .It was officially launched in 1964.It is now owned by Clarivate Analytics（previously the Intellectual Property and Science business of Thomson Reuters ⑥ ）.The larger version（Science Citation Index Expanded）covers more than 8，500 notable and significant journals，across 150 disciplines ⑦ ，from 1900 to the present.These are alternatively described as the world's leading journals of science and technology，because of a rigorous selection process.
④ Science Citation Index 科学引文索引
⑤ Institute for Scientific Information 美国科学情报研究所
⑥ Thomson Reuters：汤森路透（一家跨国媒体和信息公司）
⑦ discipline ［ˈdɪsəplɪn］n.学科
The index is made available online through different platforms ⑧ ，such as the Web of Science ① and SciSearch.（There are also CD and printed editions ② ，covering a smaller number of journals）.This database allows a researcher to identify which later articles have cited any particular earlier article，or have cited the articles of any particular author，or have been cited most frequently.Thomson Reuters also markets several subsets ③ of this database，termed“Specialty Citation Indexes”，such as the Neuroscience Citation Index and the Chemistry Citation Index.
⑧ platform ［ˈplætfɔːm］n.平台
① Web of Science （WoS）科学网
② edition ［ɪˈdɪʃn］n.版本
③ subset ［ˈsʌbset］n.子集
Social Sciences Citation Index（SSCI）is a commercial citation index product of Clarivate Analytics ④ .It was originally developed by the Institute for Scientific Information from the Science Citation Index.
④ Clarivate Analytics科睿唯安公司
The SSCI citation database covers some 3，000 of the world's leading academic journals in the social sciences across more than 50 disciplines.It is made available online through the Web of Science service for a fee.The database records which articles are cited by other articles.
Philip Altbach has criticised the Social Sciences Citation Index of favouring Englishlanguage journals generally and American journals specifically，while greatly underrepresenting journals in non-English languages.
In 2004，economists Daniel B.Klein and Eric Chiang conducted a survey of the Social Sciences Citation Index and identified a bias against free market oriented research.In addition to an ideological bias，Klein and Chiang also identified several methodological ⑤ deficiencies that encouraged the over-counting of citations，and they argue that the Social Sciences Citation Index does a poor job reflecting the relevance and accuracy of articles.
⑤ methodology ［ˌmeθəˈdɒlədʒɪ］n.方法学
The impact factor（IF）or Journal impact factor（JIF）of an academic journal is a measure reflecting the yearly average number of citations to recent articles published in that journal.It is frequently used as a proxy ⑥ for the relative importance of a journal within its field；journals with higher impact factors are often deemed to be more important than those with lower ones.The impact factor was devised by Eugene Garfield，the founder of the Institute for Scientific Information.Impact factors are calculated yearly starting from 1975 for those journals that are listed in the Journal Citation Reports.
⑥ proxy ［ˈprɒksɪ］n.代理人，代替物
In any given year，the impact factor of a journal is the number of citations，received in that year，of articles published in that journal during the two preceding years，divided by the total number of articles published in that journal during the two preceding years：
If 2014 =（citations 2013 + citations 2012）/（publications 2013 + publications 2012）
The impact factor is used to compare different journals within a certain field.The Web of Science indexes more than 11，000 science and social science journals.
Journal impact factors are often used to evaluate the merit of individual articles and individual researchers.This particular use of impact factors was summarized by Hoeffel.
Impact Factor is not a perfect tool to measure the quality of articles but there is nothing better and it has the advantage of already being in existence and is，therefore，a good technique for scientific evaluation.Experience has shown that in each specialty the best journals are those in which it is most difficult to have an article accepted，and these are the journals that have a high impact factor.Most of these journals existed long before the impact factor was devised.The use of impact factor as a measure of quality is widespread because it fits well with the opinion we have in each field of the best journals in our specialty.
In conclusion，prestigious journals publish papers of high level.Therefore，their impact factor is high，and not the contrary.
As impact factors is a journal-level metric，rather than an article or individual level metric，this use is controversial.Garfield agrees with Hoeffel，but warns about the “misuse in evaluating individuals” because there is “a wide variation ［of citations］from article to article within a single journal”.
Impact Factor Search ① ，journal impact factor list ② ，and SJR：Scientific Journal Rankings ③ are common websites in which you can search impact factors for any SCI journal articles by the name of the journals.
① Website：http：//www.bioxbio.com/if/
② Website：https：//scijournal.org/
③ Website：https：//www.scimagojr.com/journalrank.php
Journal Citation Reports（JCR）is an annual publication by Clarivate Analytics.It has been integrated ④ with the Web of Science and is accessed from the Web of Science-Core Collections.It provides information about academic journals in the sciences and social sciences，including impact factors.The JCR was originally published as a part of Science Citation Index.Currently，the JCR，as a distinct service，is based on citations compiled from the Science Citation Index Expanded and the Social Science Citation Index.
④ integrate ［ˈɪntɪɡreɪt］v.整合，（使）合并
In addition to IF，JCR also reports other information regarding citation of academic journals（Table 2-4-1）.
Table 2-4-1 Basic journal information from JCR
There are many medical databases，however，important and well-known ones include，but are not limited to，MEDLINE，Embase，Web of Science，Cochrane and CINHAL.
MEDLINE（Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online，or MEDLARS Online）is a bibliographic database of life sciences and biomedical information.It includes bibliographic information for articles from academic journals covering medicine，nursing，pharmacy，dentistry，veterinary medicine，and health care.MEDLINE also covers much of the literature in biology and biochemistry，as well as fields such as molecular evolution.
Compiled by the United States National Library of Medicine（NLM），MEDLINE is freely available on the Internet and searchable via PubMed and NLM's National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Entrez system.
Embase（often styled EMBASE for Excerpta Medica dataBASE）is a biomedical and pharmacological database of published literature designed to support information managers and pharmacovigilance ① in complying with the regulatory requirements of a licensed drug.Embase，produced by Elsevier ① ，contains over 28 million records from over 8，400 currently published journals from 1947 to the present.Through its international coverage，daily updates，and drug indexing with EMTREE ② ，Embase enables tracking and retrieval ③ of drug information in the published literature.Each record is fully indexed and Articles in Press are available for some records and In Process is available for all records，ahead of full indexing.Embase's international coverage expands across biomedical journals from 90 countries and is available through a number of database vendors.
① pharmacovigilance ［fɑ：məkʌˈvɪdʒɪləns］n.药物警戒性
① Elsevier ［ɛlˈsɛvjər］n.爱思唯尔（世界上最大的出版商之一）
② EMTREE：1991年Embase正式使用的树状词表
③ retrieval ［rɪˈtriːvl］n.检索
The Cochrane Library（named after Archie Cochrane）is a collection of databases in medicine and other healthcare specialties provided by Cochrane and other organizations. At its core is the collection of Cochrane Reviews，a database of systematic reviews and meta-analyses which summarize and interpret the results of medical research . ④ The Cochrane Library aims to make the results of well-conducted controlled trials readily available and is a key resource in evidence-based medicine.
④ 其核心是收集的Cochrane综述，Cochrane综述是一个系统综述和荟萃分析的数据库，系统综述和荟萃分析用于总结和解释医学研究的结果。这句话是表语At its core前提的倒装句。有时为了强调而将作表语的介词短语放在句首；当主语较长时，为了使句子平衡，也常以作表语的介词短语开头。本句是为了方便句子体现逻辑关系而做的调整，a database of及其后面的部分是对Cochrane Reviews的解释，因此把主句中的表语提前，使Cochrane Reviews和a database…相比邻，使语句通畅，便于理解。
CINAHL（Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature）is an index of Englishlanguage and selected other-language journal articles about nursing，allied health，biomedicine and healthcare.
Ella Crandall，Mildred Grandbois，and Mollie Sitner began a card index of articles from nursing journals in the 1940s.The index was first published as Cumulative Index to Nursing Literature（CINL）in 1961.The title changed to Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature in 1977 when its scope was expanded to include allied health journals.The index first went online in 1984.
The publisher，Cinahl Information Systems，was acquired by EBSCO Publishing ⑤ in 2003.
⑤ EBSCO Publishing EBSCO 出版社
CINAHL has been provided on the Web by EBSCO Publishing，Ovid Technologies and ProQuest，in addition to Cinahl Information Systems，and also provided online by DataStar from Dialog.In 2006，EBSCO announced its intention to not renew the distribution agreements with the other providers and to make CINAHL available exclusively on the EBSCO host platform.
Web of Science（previously known as Web of Knowledge）is an online subscriptionbased scientific citation indexing service originally produced by the Institute for Scientific Information（ISI），now maintained by Clarivate Analytics（previously the Intellectual Property and Science business of Thomson Reuters），that provides a comprehensive citation search.It gives access to multiple databases that reference cross-disciplinary research，which allows for in-depth exploration of specialized sub-fields within an academic or scientific discipline.
Expanding the coverage of Web of Science，in November 2009 Thomson Reuters introduced Century of Social Sciences.This service contains files which trace social science research back to the beginning of the 20th century，and Web of Science now has indexing coverage from the year 1900 to the present.As of September 3，2014，the multidisciplinary coverage of the Web of Science encompasses over 50，000 scholarly books，12，000 journals and 160，000 conference proceedings.The selection is made on the basis of impact evaluations and comprise open-access journals， spanning ① multiple academic disciplines.The coverage includes：sciences，social sciences，arts，and humanities，and goes across disciplines.However，Web of Science does not index all journals，and its coverage in some fields is less complete than in others.Furthermore，as of September 3，2014 the total file count of the Web of Science was 90 million records，which included over a billion cited references.This citation service on average indexes around 65 million items per year，and it is described as the largest accessible citation database.
① span ［spæn］v.贯穿，横跨
1.What are the differences between the five data bases：MEDLINE，Embase，Web of Science，Cochrane Library and CINAHL.
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2.What do SCI，IF，NLM and SSCI stand for？
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1.Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A，B，C and D.
__1）adip/o A.fat B.womb C.menses D.ovary
__2）glyc/o A.atrium B.glucose C.glomerulus D.gingiva
__3）cortic/o A.cornea B.capsule C.cecum D.cortex
__4）somat/o A.sleep B.sight C.body D.sport
__5）mamm/o A.mamilla B.maxillae C.breast D.head
__6）lact/o A.tear B.bronchitis C.diagnosis D.milk
__7）nat/o A.intestine B.birth C.stupor D.nerve
__8）hypo A.deficient B.above C.body tissue D.excessive
__9）DOI A.digital objective identifier B.digit object image
C.digital objective imaging D.digital object identifier
__10）elast/o A.image B.bone C.elastic D.stroma
2.Translate the following terms into Chinese.
1）mitigation_______________ 2）metrics______________________________
3）differentiation____________ 4）phenotypic___________________________
5）regimen_______________ 6）dearth_______________________________
7）anesthetize______________ 8）isoflurane____________________________
9）euthanize______________ 10）variance____________________________
3.Translate the following terms by defining the word parts.
1）synthase___________ syn__________ -ase____________________
2）carbohydrate_________ carb/o_________ -hydrate________________
3）melanocyte__________ melan/o_________ -cyte____________________
4）intravital___________ intra-__________ -vital___________________
5）macrophage__________ macr/o_________ -phage__________________
6）osteogenic__________ oste/o__________ -gen___________________
7）cholesterol_________ chole-_________ -sterol__________________
8）hydrogel__________ hydr/o_________ -gel____________________
9）morphology__________ morph/o_________ -logy___________________
10）decouple___________ de-__________ couple__________________
4.Translation.
1）Translate the following English into Chinese.
We envision that，together with nutritional therapy，microbial interventions using selected bacterial strains may represent a novel and complementary strategy to buffer the adverse effects of chronic undernutrition on human postnatal growth，which still affects more than 160 million of children below 5 years of age in low and middle-income countries.
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2）Translate the following Chinese into English.
我们利用单克隆小鼠模型显示，所选乳酸杆菌以一种依赖于菌株的方式促进幼鼠生长，而这种方式概括了肠道菌群对生长和生长激素轴的作用。
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5.Write an animal research paper in English，or translate a Chinese one into English and edit it；you must include the information specified in the ARRIVE checklist.