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第十三节
腹部包块

腹部包块(abdominal mass)是指腹腔内器官或组织由各种原因引起肿大、膨胀、增生、粘连或移位,导致腹腔内形成异常包块且能够被触及。

腹部包块一般起源于所在部位的脏器,包块过小不易触及,过大则难以确定其起源部位。包块所在部位与疾病分类见表4-13-1。

表4-13-1 腹部包块的部位与疾病分类

腹部包块的性质可为诊断提供参考,具体如下。

1.右上腹部梨形包块常为胆囊疾病,表明平滑,质地硬且有弹性。下缘呈半圆形者提示为肾,香肠形提示肠套叠、蛔虫性肠梗阻。

2.包块表面平滑,触之有囊性感,可能与胰腺、胆总管、肠系膜、网膜、卵巢等囊性肿物有关,或者与腹部包虫病、肾盂积水、胆囊积水有关。

3.包块外形不规则或表面呈结节状,质地硬,提示腹腔恶性肿瘤可能。

4.包块上缘清晰,下缘模糊,应考虑卵巢肿瘤可能。

5.包块与周围组织没有粘连,尚未侵袭周围组织,包块随呼吸上下移动,应考虑胃、横结肠、肝、脾、肾等疾病。来自胰腺、腹膜后肿瘤、下腹部脏器的包块多不随呼吸移动。

6.包块随大量排尿迅速缩小,尿量减少时则增大,应考虑巨大肾积水可能。

7.包块有搏动者,应考虑腹主动脉瘤或三尖瓣关闭不全可能。

8.如果包块有明显的压痛,应考虑结核性腹膜炎、阑尾周围脓肿、肝脓肿等炎性包块可能,绞窄性肠梗阻出现的包块也可有压痛。

9.左下腹可触及可伸展的管状包块,既往有便秘病史者,提示该包块可能为充满粪便的直肠或乙状结肠。

腹部包块是临床常见的体征,依据包块的部位、性质,结合伴随症状和体格检查,以及必要的实验室检查和影像学检查,多能够正确诊断。

(孙松朋)

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