唇面Labial surface
舌面Lingual surface
邻面Proximal surface
切端Incisal end
图44 上颌切牙示意图Diagram of incisor of maxilla
1.颈缘Cervical margin
2.唇颈嵴Labial cervical ridge
3.近唇线角Mesial labial line angle
4.近唇发育沟Mesial labial development groove
5.近中切角Mesial incisal angle
6.远中切角Distal incisal angle
7.远唇发育沟Distal labial development groove
8.远唇线角Distal labial line angle
9.舌面隆凸Cingulum
10.远舌线角Distal lingual line angle
11.远中边缘嵴Distal marginal ridge
12.切嵴Incisal ridge
13.舌面窝Lingual fossa
14.近中边缘嵴Mesial marginal ridge
15.近舌线角Mesial lingual line angle
16.牙根Root of tooth
17.近舌切点角Mesial lingual incise point angle
18.近唇切点角Mesial labial incise point angle
19.接触区Contact area
20.楔形邻面Wedge proximal surface
21.唇舌径Labial lingual diameter
【1】中切牙全长22.8mm、冠长11.5mm、根长11.3mm、冠宽8.6mm、颈宽6.3mm、冠厚7.1mm、颈厚6.2mm,是切牙中体积最大的牙。
【2】平均萌出年龄,男性:7.83岁;女性:7.82岁。
【3】上颌恒中切牙钙化及牙冠、牙根发育完成时间:出生后3~4个月开始钙化;牙冠完成发育在4~5岁;牙根完成发育在10岁。
【4】牙冠唇侧面较平坦,近似梯形,近远中径在前牙中最宽,形态分为:卵圆形占72%;尖圆形占26%;方圆形占2%。
【5】舌侧面较唇侧面略小,中央凹陷称舌面窝,四周边呈突起的嵴称近远中边缘嵴,在切端位于切缘舌侧的为切嵴,牙颈部为舌面隆凸。
【6】近中面似三角形,顶为切端,底为颈缘,呈“V”字形,称为颈曲线。
【7】牙根为粗壮较直的单根,唇侧宽于舌侧。
【8】正常牙最大
力均数,男性:左侧12.1kg、右侧12.2kg;女性:左侧10.2kg、右侧10.3kg。
【9】神经支配:鼻腭神经、上牙槽前神经。
【10】功能:切割食物、辅助发音、衬托面部外形。
唇面Labial surface
舌面Lingual surface
近中面Mesial surface
远中面Distal surface
切端Incisal end
图45 上颌中切牙Central incisor of maxilla
1.根唇侧面横径Transverse diameter of labial surface of root
2.近远中径Mesial distal diameter
3.切颈径Diameter of incise to neck
4.唇面Labial surface
5.颈缘Cervical margin
6.牙根Root of tooth
7.根尖Root tip
8.根舌面横径Transverse diameter of lingual surface of root
9.舌面窝Lingual fossa
10.远中边缘嵴Distal marginal ridge
11.切嵴Incisal ridge
12.近中边缘嵴Mesial marginal ridge
13.近舌线角Mesial lingual line angle
14.根近中面Mesial surface of root
15.舌面隆凸Cingulum
16.近中面接触区Mesial contact area
17.近切线角Mesial incisal line angle
18.根唇舌径Diameter of labial lingual of root
19.唇颈嵴Labial cervical ridge
20.远中面接触区Distal contact area
21.近中切角Mesial incisal angle
22.远中切角Distal incisal angle
卵圆形Oval 72%
尖圆形Apical round 25%
方圆形Square circle 2%
图46 上颌中切牙牙冠的形态Shapes of dental crown of central incisor of maxilla
长切牙Long incisors
短切牙Short incisors
图47 上颌中切牙变异Variation of central incisor of maxilla
近远中向剖面Section through mesial surface and distal surface
唇舌向剖面Section across lip and tongue
牙颈部横切面Transverse section of dental neck
图48 上颌中切牙牙髓腔的形态Shapes of dental pulp cavity of central incisor of maxilla
1.根尖孔Apical foramen
2.髓室顶Roof of pulp chamber
3.髓室Pulp chamber
4.牙根Root of tooth
5.根管Root canal
6.根唇侧面横径Transverse diameter of labial surface of root
7.根舌侧面横径Transverse diameter of lingual surface of root
冠状形Coronal
笤帚形Broom shape
双角形Biangle
平顶形Flat topped
图49 上颌中切牙髓室顶的形态Shapes of roof of pulp chamber of central incisor of maxilla
【1】上颌中切牙髓腔较大、根管较粗,室与根管无明显界限。近远中剖面呈三角形,顶接近牙冠中1/3处。年轻者髓室顶常有2~3个突起,随着年龄增长而逐渐消失。
【2】髓室顶可见冠状形、笤帚形、双角形、平顶形。
【3】唇、舌向剖面,可见髓腔呈梭形,切嵴方向髓腔缩小,髓腔从颈缘向根尖方向逐渐变细。
唇侧面Labial surface
舌侧面Lingual surface
近中面Mesial surface
远中面Distal surface
切端Incisal end
图50 上颌侧切牙Lateral incisor of maxilla
1.近中缘Mesial margin
2.近中切角Mesial incisal angle
3.切缘Incisal edge
4.远中切角Distal incisal angle
5.远中缘Distal margin
6.唇面Labial surface
7.根尖Root tip
8.舌面隆凸Cingulum
9.舌面窝Lingual fossa
10.远中边缘嵴Distal marginal ridge
11.切嵴Incisal ridge
12.近中边缘嵴Mesial marginal ridge
13.近中面Mesial surface
14.近中面接触区Mesial contact area
15.远中面接触区Distal contact area
16.舌侧沟Lingual groove
【1】上颌侧切牙全长21.5mm、冠长10.1mm、根长11.5mm、冠宽7.0mm、颈宽5.0mm、冠厚6.4mm、颈厚5.9mm。形态与上颌中切牙基本相似,但小于中切牙。
【2】平均萌出年龄,男性:9.02岁;女性:8.56岁。
【3】上颌恒侧切牙钙化及牙冠、牙根发育完成时间:出生后10~12个月开始钙化;牙冠完成发育在4~5岁;牙根完成发育在11岁。
【4】牙冠唇侧面呈梯形,牙冠较窄小、圆突,小于上颌中切牙。
【5】近中缘长于远中缘,近中切角呈锐角,远中切角呈圆弧形,边缘嵴显著。
【6】舌侧面边缘嵴较上颌中切牙明显,舌面窝深而窄,偶有沟越过舌面隆凸的远中,延伸至根颈部成为裂沟,成为龋病好发部位。
【7】单根粗壮,较上颌中切牙根细且稍长,唇舌径大于近远中径。
【8】侧切牙形态变异较多,有时先天性缺如。
【9】正常牙最大
力均数,男性:左侧11.5kg、右侧11.5kg;女性:左侧9.9kg、右侧9.7kg。
【10】神经支配:上牙槽前神经。
【11】功能:切割食物、影响发音。
唇面Labial surface
舌面Lingual surface
近中面Mesial surface
远中面Distal surface
切端Incisal end
图51 上颌侧切牙(双根)Lateral incisor of maxilla.Double roots
1.根尖Root tip
2.颈缘Cervical margin
3.近中缘Mesial margin
4.近中切角Mesial incisal angle
5.切缘Incisal edge
6.远中切角Distal incisal angle
7.弯根Curve root
8.裂Fissure
9.舌面隆凸Cingulum
10.舌侧沟Lingual groove
11.切嵴Incisal ridge
12.舌面窝Lingual fossa
13.近中边缘嵴Mesial marginal ridge
14.变异根Variation root
15.近中面接触区Mesial contact area
16.近中面Mesial surface
17.远中面接触区Distal contact area
【1】上颌侧切牙双根尖变异,变异根位于根裂的远中侧,由于裂沟较深、较长,裂沟的远中半根成一圆而细长的小根。变异根长约是近中根的2/3。
【2】舌面观,近中根呈“S”形弯曲,根尖偏向远中,裂由舌面窝开始经舌面隆凸中部,将其分为两半,并向下延伸至根中1/3与根尖1/3交界处,至此,根远中半下端移行一长2.6mm的根尖。
【3】舌侧沟斜行过远中边缘嵴中部至牙根根颈部。
舌侧沟Lingual groove
深舌面窝Deep lingual fossa
弯粗根Curvature thick root
裂Fissure
图52 上颌侧切牙变异Variation of lateral incisor of maxilla
近远中向剖面Section through mesial surface and distal surface
唇舌向剖面Section across lip and tongue
牙颈部横切面Transverse section of dental neck
图53 上颌侧切牙牙髓腔的形态Shapes of dental pulp cavity of lateral incisor of maxilla
1.根尖孔Apical foramen
2.根尖1/3 Root tip 1/3
3.根管Root canal
4.近远中径Mesial distal diameter
5.髓室顶Roof of pulp chamber
6.髓室Pulp chamber
7.颈缘Cervical margin
8.舌面隆凸Cingulum
9.舌侧根管壁Lingual root canal wall
10.唇侧根管壁Labial root canal wall
【1】侧切牙牙髓腔形态近似中切牙,但略小,近远中剖面髓室顶较整齐,接近牙冠中部,为髓腔最宽部。髓腔至根尖1/2或1/3处缩小。
【2】偶尔出现两个根管。
唇面Labial surface
舌面Lingual surface
邻面Adjacent surface
切端Incisal end
图54 上颌尖牙示意图Diagram of canine tooth of maxilla
1.近中缘Mesial margin
2.唇轴嵴Labial axial ridge
3.近中斜缘Mesial inclined margin
4.牙尖Dental cusp
5.远中斜缘Distal inclined margin
6.远中缘Distal margin
7.颈缘Cervical margin
8.牙根Root of tooth
9.根尖Root tip
10.牙根远中缘Distal margin of root
11.舌面隆凸Cingulum
12.远中窝Distal fossa
13.舌轴嵴Lingual axial ridge
14.近中窝Mesial fossa
15.根舌侧面横径Transverse diameter of lingual surface of root
16.牙根近中缘Mesial margin of root
17.近中面接触区Mesial contact area
18.长形凹陷Long form concavity
19.近中牙尖嵴Mesial cusp ridge
20.远中牙尖嵴Distal cusp ridge
【1】上颌尖牙全长25.2mm、冠长11.0mm、根长14.2mm、冠宽7.9mm、颈宽5.7mm、冠厚8.2mm、颈厚7.7mm。
【2】平均萌出年龄,男性:11.21岁;女性:10.44岁。
【3】上颌恒尖牙钙化及牙冠、牙根发育完成时间:出生后4~5个月开始钙化;牙冠完成发育在6~7岁;牙根完成发育在13~15岁。
【4】上颌尖牙是全口牙中牙体、牙根和牙尖最大的牙,具有支撑口角的作用。
【5】牙冠有四个轴面一个牙尖。牙尖由四嵴四面组成,牙尖顶偏向近中,牙尖占牙冠长的1/3。
【6】唇侧面似圆五边形,五条边分别为颈缘、近中缘、近中斜缘、远中斜缘和远中缘。颈缘呈弧形,近中斜缘短,近中缘长,远中斜缘长,远中缘短。
【7】舌侧面较唇侧面小,牙尖至舌面隆凸有一纵嵴称舌轴嵴。
【8】邻面呈三角形,远中面比近中面突而短小,远中面接触区距远中牙尖嵴远。
【9】牙根为直而粗壮的单根,唇舌径大于近远中径。
【10】正常牙最大
力均数,男性:左侧19.7kg、右侧19.3kg;女性:左侧16.1kg、右侧16.7kg。
【11】神经支配:上牙槽前神经。
【12】功能:辅助撕裂、刺穿及捣碎食物。
唇面Labial surface
舌面Lingual surface
近中面Mesial surface
远中面Distal surface
切端Incisal end
图55 上颌尖牙Canine tooth of maxilla
1.牙根近中缘Mesial margin of root
2.近唇斜面Mesial labial inclined surface
3.近中切角Mesial incisal angle
4.牙尖Dental cusp
5.唇轴嵴Labial axial ridge
6.远中切角Distal incisal angle
7.远唇斜面Distal labial inclined surface
8.远中边缘嵴Distal marginal ridge
9.远中舌面窝Distal lingual fossa
10.舌轴嵴Lingual axial ridge
11.近中舌面窝Mesial lingual fossa
12.近中边缘嵴Mesial marginal ridge
13.舌面隆凸Cingulum
14.颈缘Cervical margin
15.近中面接触区Mesial contact area
16.唇缘Labial margin
17.牙根唇缘Labial margin of root
18.唇颈嵴Labial cervical ridge
19.远中面接触区Distal contact area
20.牙根舌缘Lingual margin
21.根尖Root tip
22.近中牙尖嵴Mesial cusp ridge
23.近舌斜面Mesial lingual inclined surface
24.远舌斜面Distal lingual inclined surface
25.远中牙尖嵴Distal cusp ridge
唇面Labial surface
舌面Lingual surface
近中面Mesial surface
远中面Distal surface
图56 上颌尖牙(短根)Canine tooth of maxilla.Short root
1.根尖Root tip
2.牙根唇面Labial surface of root of tooth
3.颈缘Cervical margin
4.近中缘Mesial margin
5.近中切角Mesial incisal angle
6.牙尖Dental cusp
7.远中斜缘Distal inclined margin
8.远中切角Distal incisal angle
9.远中缘Distal margin
10.远中边缘嵴Distal marginal ridge
11.远中舌面窝Distal lingual fossa
12.远中牙尖嵴Distal cusp ridge
13.近中牙尖嵴Mesial cusp ridge
14.舌轴嵴Lingual axial ridge
15.近中舌面窝Mesial lingual fossa
16.近中边缘嵴Mesial marginal ridge
17.舌面隆凸Cingulum
18.近中面接触区Mesial contact area
19.牙根唇缘Labial margin of root
20.远中面接触区Distal contact area
短尖牙Short canine tooth
长尖牙Long canine tooth
变异根Variation root
图57 上颌尖牙变异Variation of canine tooth of maxilla
图58 上颌尖牙阻生及错位Impaction and transposition of canine tooth of maxilla
1.上颌第二磨牙2nd molar of maxilla
2.上颌第二前磨牙2nd premolar of maxilla
3.上颌第一前磨牙1st premolar of maxilla
4.下颌第一磨牙1st molar of mandible
5.下颌第一前磨牙1st premolar of mandible
6.中切牙Central incisor
7.侧切牙Lateral incisor
8.上颌尖牙根Root of canine tooth of maxilla
9.上颌尖牙牙冠Crown of canine tooth of maxilla
近远中向剖面Section through mesial surface and distal surface
唇舌向剖面Section across lip and tongue
牙颈部横切面Transverse section of dental neck
图59 上颌尖牙牙髓腔的形态Shapes of dental pulp cavity of canine tooth of maxilla
1.根尖孔Apical foramen
2.根管Root canal
3.髓室Pulp chamber
4.髓角Pulp horn
5.根管近远中径Mesial distal diameter of root canal
6.根管唇舌径Labiolingual diameter of root canal
【1】上颌尖牙牙髓腔近远中剖面的根管径较窄,两端均呈尖形,髓角达牙冠中1/3处,与尖牙牙尖相对。
【2】唇舌向剖面髓室顶呈尖形,并宽于近远中向髓腔径。
【3】牙根中部横断,根管呈椭圆形,颈部呈圆三角形。上颌尖牙通常为单根管。