小结

人民党运动可被看作美国政治发展史上的一个分水岭。在分水岭的一边是一个原始的农业大国，以自然资源为生存之根本，由分散的个体组成的传统的农业社会，遵循着建国时期承袭下来的政治、经济和道德的原则。在分水岭的另一边则是一个向城市化、工业化迈进的制造业强国，一个阶级分化明显、阶级内部联系愈发紧密的现代社会。站在分水岭中央的是扎根土地的农民和其他小生产者阶级，他们虽然在人口数量上还占据着半壁江山，但在经济生活中则承受着冉冉上升的工业集团的压迫。美国第一波民粹主义的兴起正反映出这些站在分水岭中央的农业集团在政治经济体系中被边缘化的沮丧状态和愤怒情绪。

美国农民成为民粹主义的先驱，与土地作为充裕要素参与国际贸易是密不可分的。当欧洲农民还背负着沉重的包袱时，美国农民已茁壮成长为一支强大的力量，他们关注农产品在国际国内市场上的价格，关注自身合法权益的保障。他们本应该从国际贸易扩张中享受到重大的利好，却因为美国政府对工业资本集团实施的高关税政策保护而遭受惨重的损失。这时候他们把自己遭遇到的不公看作“人民”的灾难，进而抗议和抵制他们认为的“他者”和纵容“他者”的政府。虽然美国第一波民粹主义运动鲜少有大名鼎鼎的领袖被铭记，但它掀起了一波又一波的运动高潮，各式各样的农民团体起来反抗垄断工业和银行资本家持续的欺压。进一步而言，民粹主义者将矛头指向垄断工业和银行资本家背后的政府，并要为广大人民——占人口多数的农民、小生产者夺回应有的政治权力，实现对政府的控制。

人民党后来被民主党所吸纳，人民党运动走向了消亡。尽管这一波民粹主义浪潮在19世纪末走向尾声，但事实上民粹主义者的经济、政治和社会观点经过共和党、民主党的过滤在更大范围内进入美国的政治议程中。20世纪，人民党运动的思想不仅被进步主义改革、罗斯福新政、民权运动所继承，同时也被南方种族主义者、麦卡锡主义所借用和曲解。它们为美国带去了无记名投票、参议院直接选举、联邦土地银行、商品信贷公司、联邦储备货币、进出口银行以及联邦政府以改革的名义创造的其他机构。到了21世纪，这场运动中为了保护弱者经济权利而以“人民”的名义进行的斗争以相似的面貌呈现在新的国际经济环境中，这就是新一轮民粹主义浪潮在美欧的兴起。

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