3.2 The Talmyan Typological Patterns of Stationary Event Integration

In this section，we will derive a particular theory about stationary events from Talmy's macro-event theory．This particular theory can be used to determine the typological features of the representation of this type of events．

3.2.1 Verb Roots，Satellite and Core Schema

In representation of the five types of macro-events（cf.Section 2.3.1，Chapter 2），the three notions of verb（root），satellite and core schema are key constructs．The position of core-schema in a sentence determines its typology．The verb root and the satellite are taken as two venues where the core schemas can be represented．And a sentence can be claimed to possess typological features correspondingly of verb-framed language （V-L）or satellite-framed language （S-L）．The typology features of S-L can be illustrated by sentences（3.7－3.11）：

（3.7）The ball rolled in ．

（3.8）They talked on ．

（3.9）The candle blew out．

（3.10）She sang along．

（3.11）The police hunted the fugitive down ．（3.7－3.11：cf.Talmy，2000b：214，with the italics original）

In these sentences，all the satellites（in italics） are used to represent core schemas in the events．In（3.7），the satellite in indicates the path in an event of motion．In（3.8）， on represents the aspect in an event of temporal contouring．In（3.9）， out represents the changed state in an event of state change．In（3.10），the satellite along expresses the correlation in an event of action correlation．And in（3.11），the satellite down is used to express the fulfilment or confirmation in an event of realization．

The conceptual structures of the five types of events are shown in Figure 5，which also covers the six types of co-events．

Figure 6 is the conceptual structure of the framing event in these events．In addition，it also describes the core-schema in them．

The V-L and S-L distinctions and their syntactic mappings of those events are shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8．

This study intends to provide evidence for the null hypothesis that the expressions of SEs in the two languages not only demonstrate the typological features of S-L ，but also the features of H-L ．

3.2.2 Representation of Path（／Site）Components

In the English and Chinese representation of SEs，the typological features are manifested on the sentential constituents of copular verb， positional verbs， and satellite．As mentioned in Section 1.1 of Chapter 1，the core-schema of Path／Site is represented in copular verb and satellite， and co-events are represented by postpositions．

The deep organization of two patterns of stationary events are shown in Figure 9 and Figure 10 respectively．Sat1 in Figure 9 and Sat in Figure 10 are constructional satellites．

In the second pattern，positional verbs not only take the function of activating the whole event，but also take the function of representing co-events．The six types of coevents（cf.Section 1.1，Chapter 1） are shown in the deep semantic organization of stationary events in Figure 11．

Certain spatial concepts are contained in both the English copular verb be and the Chinese prepositional verb zai 4，since both can indicate the living of a person or the existence of a thing． A good example is the English copular verb “ be ” in Shakespeare's notorious sentence“ To be or not to be ， that's a question ”．The spatial meaning is more obvious in the Chinese copular verb zai 4，“be located at”．When a person lives or a thing exists，they must occupy a site，which is part of Path component in a SE．This indicates that Path is contained in the English and Chinese copular verbs．

In the English and Chinese representation of SEs，we identify two types of satellites．The first type is represented by adverbs such as the English spatial adverbial schemas upside down and up ，and the Chinese spatial adverbial schemas zheng 4，“straightly upward”， dao 4，“upside down”and xie 2，“obliquely”．These adverbial satellites are usually used to represent the posture of the figure object in both languages．Their spatial semantics is not related to the ground object and thus provides no information for Path／Site． In sum， they are not part of Path． In the following paragraphs，we identify another type of satellite which is not explicitly discussed in Talmy（2000b）．

In stationary events，a locative construction collocating with a verb root is a satellite to the main verb．Since a satellite needs to be a closed-class form （cf.Talmy，2000b），and this construction is a closed-class form，it meets this particular condition of functioning as the satellite to the main verb．

The constructional satellite is neither an NP nor a single spatial adposition．It's instead a construction，a superordinate construct ofboth．A locative construction in this study mainly refers to such fundamental and general sentence patterns as S BE PRE NP／SV PRE NP in English or S ZAI 4 NP POST／SV ZAI 4 NP POST in Chinese and their derived patterns，which are adopted to represent Path component of stationary events in both languages．Sentences（1.1－1.2）are fundamental English patterns．They are constituted of the subject（the figure），a verb，a nominal phrase，and a spatial adpositional complex．In such sentences，it is the whole construction that determines the Path of the figure object．Consequently this type of constructions are taken as satellites to the main verb． M5sClIm+F96L4O456LjBZnXiaPtrSHlB3qVAzrsG6LEBXRyzJAO0svuBWtPpPo+O