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As a relatively young field of enquiry，the study of second language acquisition（SLA） has expanded and developed significantly in the past 60 years.When you turn to this page，you are approaching this young field of second language acquisition.In this opening chapter，we provide a general introduction to second language acquisition，beginning with the definition of SLA and the aims of SLA research.Then，we introduce some basic terminologies in the field of second language acquisition，and discuss the external and internal factors which affect second language learning.Finally，we give a brief review of first language acquisition（particularly child language acquisition）， because a knowledge of child language development will pave the way for a better understanding of second language acquisition.