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人类学生涯回顾

王士元1933年8月生于上海,但一个月大时便移居安徽怀远,与祖父母同住。祖母是小时候对他影响最大的人,虽然她是个裹脚、不识字的传统女性,却教导了他许多做人处事的道理。中国古典文学如《水浒传》、《三国演义》里忠孝节义的情节,以及牛郎织女等民间故事,都是在幼年时经由祖母的口进入了他的心灵,使他现在即使早已入了美国籍,仍始终认同自己是中国人,要为振兴中国的学术而努力。1937年七七事变以后,王士元与祖父母从怀远迁到上海的法租界与父母会合,并在上海就读小学,之后也曾入读法国教会学校。后来因父亲在美国加州大学伯克利分校取得经济学硕士学位,并于纽约经商,1948年10月,与祖母(当时祖父已过世)、母亲及妹妹举家赴美,在纽约完成中学教育。

与家人摄于上海,左起:妹妹、妈妈、奶奶、爸爸、姑姑

由于中学时代学业成绩优异,哥伦比亚大学提供了他本科四年的奖学金。可是1951年入学后不久,父母亲就和祖母、妹妹先回国了。他一方面不满于无法与家人一起回国而要独自留美,另一方面又因纽约的诱惑太多,进入哥伦比亚大学第一学期的成绩很不理想,甚至被取消了四年的奖学金而退学。之后终于发愤读书,自己靠工读方式完成大学学业。大学期间除了选修语言学的课程,也上了些电子工程方面的课,并开始接触人类学,修读一门讲述东南亚华侨的课,由知名人类学家Morton Fried授课。

语言学的启蒙阶段

有两门语言学的课令他至今难忘,也是促使他日后从事语言学研究的动力。其中一门课名为“Languages of the World”,由意大利裔美籍的语言学家Mario Pei讲授。这门课让他大开眼界,了解到世界语言的多样性。在Pei教授的建议下,他们联名在《纽约时报》上发表了一篇“It’s not all Greek”的文章。这篇短文的内容主要是讲汉语,即使并非是正式的学术论文,却也算是王士元科研生涯中的第一篇文章。另一门课由著名的语言学大师及非洲人类学家Joseph Greenberg所讲授,虽然只是本科生的语言学概论的课,Greenberg却介绍了三四十个非洲语言基本词汇的语料。Greenberg严谨的治学态度给了他非常深刻的启发,也激发了他对语言学的浓厚兴趣。

与Joseph Greenberg、Vincent Sarich摄于加州大学伯克利分校教职员俱乐部

另外一件激发他对探索语言兴趣的事是,大学时代有一天,他和三个室友一起到学校附近的一家中国饭馆吃饭。当三个美国同学都盼着他替大伙儿点菜时,他却发现自己和餐厅里的侍者沟通不良,和对方讲上海话讲不通,和他说普通话对方也不懂,因为侍者是台山人,最后只得用英文点菜,这让在场的三位同学都调侃他还算是中国人吗。由于自小生活的环境中就接触到多种语言和方言,包括与祖母交谈时所用的怀远话、在上海就学时和童年玩伴所说的上海话,还有在上海租界可以听到的法语、日语等,这些经历都让他体会到中国方言的众多差异和世界语言的丰富多样,并对人类精彩纷呈的语言遗产深深着迷。

早期的学术经历

王士元于1956年和1960年在密歇根大学先后取得硕士、博士学位,硕士研究生时期与Gordon Peterson教授学习声学语音学,并和Kenneth Pike教授学习一般语言学及音系学。后来在Peterson教授指导下取得博士学位,并先后在麻省理工学院电子研究实验中心和IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center从事博士后研究。1960年,应博士导师Peterson教授的邀请,回到密歇根大学与遗传算法之父John Holland教授合开“Communication Sciences”的课。1961年,赴俄亥俄州立大学任英语系助理教授,随后在该校创办语言学及东亚语言文学两个系,并担任此两系的系主任。

伯克利时期

1966年在赵元任先生的邀请下转到加州大学伯克利分校,任教30年后于1995年退休。任职于伯克利时,在1967年成立语音实验室(Phonology Laboratory),这是美国最早的语音实验室之一;于1973年创办 Journal of Chinese Linguistics 《中国语言学报》并任主编至今,该学报是中国语言学领域第一本国际性刊物。这一年,在北京大学和中国社会科学院的同时邀请下,王士元第一次有机会回到中国讲学。当他再回到伯克利时,便体会到当时中国已有许多出色的语言本质的研究,而中国语言学的研究传统甚至可溯及两千年前,只可惜这个研究传统却从未和国际上的语言研究有过充分的学术交流。为了将国内学者的研究成果介绍给国际学术界,并让国内学者也能知悉外国学者最新的文献和研究动态,在院长的支持下,《中国语言学报》正式开始运作,1973年创刊的第一期第一篇文章,就刊登了有“非汉语语言学之父”之称的李方桂先生的经典文章《中国的语言和方言》。

1973年与吕叔湘教授摄于北京

1973年在北京大学哲学楼讲学

1978年与林焘、岑麒祥、王力、袁家骅、周祖谟、朱德熙摄于北京大学

除了创办国际性学术刊物,王士元在伯克利期间还有另外两个重要的里程碑:一是建立汉语方言的电子词典,这是当时最早的汉语方言的语料数据库;二是提出语言学界的词汇扩散理论。成立了语音实验室后,他与郑锦全等同事,将《切韵》、《中原音韵》、《汉语方音字汇》等书里的材料都输入计算机里,并加入日语的汉音、吴音及韩语里的汉韩音(Sino-Korean)等材料。根据这套基于汉语方言的计算机词典里的丰富语料,他发现语言变迁在语音上是骤变的,但在词汇上是渐变的,由此提出了词汇扩散理论。享誉国际的遗传学家Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza曾经说,词汇扩散理论是“the first thing I heard in linguistics that makes sense”,并在1994年的一篇文章中表示:“词汇扩散理论已经公认为是语言演化研究中最重要的创新理论。”已故的哈佛大学教授、人类学家张光直曾在1994年的《亚洲周刊》上这样评论二十世纪中国人文社会学科对国际学术界的贡献和影响:“只有在语言学上,中国语言学者如赵元任、李方桂、王士元等先生的著作在普通语言学的书刊里给人引用。”虽然词汇扩散理论刚提出时,曾有些专精于印欧语研究的学者表示质疑,并认为这套理论是基于汉语语料建立的,对欧美语言不一定适用。但如今,词汇扩散理论已被广泛应用在其他语言的研究上,而且不止在语音、声调上,也适用在构词和句法上,包括藏缅语、日语、英语、德语、瑞典语、达罗毗荼语等,甚至有美洲原住民语言尼蒂纳特语(Nitinat)。

王士元在伯克利时期还成立了语言分析实验室(Project on Linguistic Analysis, POLA)。这个实验室让当时鲜有接触的海峡两岸和港澳地区学者,头一次有机会在开放的美国学术环境下进行交流。至今,他所培育出的博士生,在海峡两岸及美国大多成为了知名的语言学教授。他指导过的学生如今任教的单位包括北京大学、台湾新竹清华大学、香港理工大学,以及美国的华盛顿大学、夏威夷大学、马萨诸塞州立大学、加州大学圣迭戈分校等。除了语言学家,他也积极和心理学家、遗传学家、统计学家、考古学家等跨领域的学者合作。比如,他和台湾的曾志朗教授开创了汉字认知的神经学研究;他也促进了北京大学语音学实验室的建立;他曾与2014年人类学终身成就奖的得主杜若甫教授合作,研究中国人在遗传演化和语言演化上的一致性。

2005年与曾志朗教授于台北建国中学演讲

2010年与北京大学副校长张国有摄于名誉教授颁授典礼上

积极主张并力行跨学科研究

从王士元的学术著作可以看出,他自己身体力行地与不同领域的学者合作发表论文,因为早在1978年,他就以“The three scales of diachrony”一文,来强调语言历时研究的三个尺度:宏观、中观与微观。微观的语言研究涉及个人的语言习得与消失,但中观的语言研究则是历史语言学的范畴,可以溯及几千年前的语言,因此必须借助对人群的往来和历史的理解,才能更深入研究语言的变迁。至于宏观的语言研究,则旨在探索语言的涌现和演化,因此更要借助考古学、遗传学等学科。所以在1998年的文章“Three windows on the past”中,他特别强调探索过去的三个窗口是考古学、遗传学和语言学,这样才得以追溯并还原几十万年前的远古场景。况且语言的涌现和人类直立行走及大脑演化都有密不可分的关系,因此语言研究的宏观尺度若能结合体质人类学和大脑神经科学的研究成果,也必定会有更重大的发现。

王士元常用盲人摸象的比喻来形容研究人员的划地自限,如果这些学科各行其是,则很难对语言的全貌有透彻的认识,若研究人员能意识到自己的局限而与其他学科的学者合作,取长补短,就能为学术研究开拓新的视野。

田野调查及少数民族语言研究

王士元不只乐于从事理论的探索和实验的证明,也积极投身田野工作。他曾与南开大学石锋教授到广西大瑶山研究瑶族,也曾随北京大学陈保亚教授到云南考察白族、普米族、傈僳族、怒族等少数民族,并曾远赴吉尔吉斯斯坦调查东干人。他走访云南的记录,于2002年由云南民族文化音像出版社发行了名为《走云南:士元讲课》的VCD。这些田野调查的经验,除了让他有机会接触中国西南丰富的语言文化遗产外,也让他对中国的少数民族语言有了第一手的宝贵材料。他与人类学兼民族学家邓晓华教授,合写了多篇有关少数民族语言的文章,如《藏缅语族语言的数理分类及其分析》、《苗瑶语族语言亲缘关系的计量研究——词源统计分析方法》、《壮侗语族语言的数理分类及其时间深度》,这三篇文章都曾获奖。走入田野不仅让他徜徉在丰美的语言天地间,体会到语言多样性的可贵和重要,也让他由衷慨叹语言濒危的可悲和无奈。

2002年与陈保亚教授、石锋教授摄于普朱村寨

2003年与邓晓华教授

移居香港

1997年,王士元在红磡的海逸酒店见证了香港回归,政权的交接也坚定了他重回祖国怀抱的信念。1997—2004年间,他先是在香港城市大学担任语言工程讲座教授,后又应聘为香港中文大学研究教授。在香港中文大学期间,他把30多年前创办的《中国语言学报》办公室由美国加州迁到香港特区,改由香港中文大学出版社出版这份重要的国际学术期刊。同时担任电子工程系、语言学及现代语言系和东亚研究中心的教授,并偶尔在翻译系授课,讲授自然语言处理。他在电子工程系建立了语言工程实验室,与实验室里理工科背景的学生从事许多语言建模仿真的研究,加深了自己对语言演化的兴趣。基于此,他在2009年于广州召开了第一届演化语言学国际研讨会(International Conference in Evolutionary Linguistics,CIEL)。这一系列的会议后来陆续在天津、上海、北京、香港、厦门、天津成功举办,第八届则是演化语言学会议首次在中国境外举行,由美国印第安纳大学主办,2017年第九届的会议则在八月底在昆明落幕,这一系列会议成为跨学科的国际交流平台,促进了演化语言学的发展。

在香港中文大学期间,另一件令学术界瞩目的盛事是于2012年举办的“A Dialogue on Sound Change: Past, Present and Future”。这是一场由王士元和美国社会语言学权威William Labov探讨关于音变的历史、现状与未来的对话。这两人同样名为Bill,他们的情谊其实可以追溯到20世纪70年代。1971年,Labov就任美国语言学会会长,他在就职演说中率先肯定了词汇扩散理论的贡献,这也逐渐扭转了欧美学者对词汇扩散理论的看法。Labov教授著有三卷经典的语言学巨著 Principles of Language Change ,他在卷首的致谢中写道:“本书的许多研究、调查、论述都是对于王士元在竞争性语音演变、词汇扩散、方言混合方面极具远见卓识的开创性研究工作的响应。……虽然我自己的团队在这些问题上的研究跟他们不都一样,但是他们理论观点的冲击力和与之密切相关的语言资料对我影响至深。”

离开香港中文大学后,2015年王士元又获聘为香港理工大学语言与认知科学讲座教授,因为此时,他的研究兴趣已由单纯的语言研究转向认知退化的探索。目前,语言习得领域对婴儿如何习得母语已经有了丰硕的研究文献与可观的研究成果,但对于老年阶段语言如何退化消失,所知却远远不足。有鉴于人口老龄化已是全球不得不面对的严峻挑战,随着医疗进步和环境卫生改善,保持健康身体的同时该如何维护认知能力的活跃,是高龄化社会必定要应对的问题。王士元在香港理工大学积极开展研究,冀望能借由测量脑电波来对认知障碍进行早期的诊断评估,以期能防患于未然,在大脑开始呈现失智退化的迹象前,就能及早发现并采取相应措施来减缓这个趋势。

王士元曾说:“不同学科之间的边界犹如画在沙滩上的线条,随着每一次先进知识波涛的到来,这边界就会发生变化,甚至完全消失。人类的知识,特别是研究语言的知识,应该是彼此相连的,并且最终是相互贯通的。”虽然他自幼赴美,心里却始终记挂着自己是中国人,要为中国人争光,因此每次他到中国各地讲学,都一定会告诉在场听众:19世纪语言学发迹于欧洲,20世纪语言学兴盛于美国,但我们要让21世纪的中国成为语言学的重心。他这番语重心长的话,不仅是针对所有中国语言学研究者的衷心期许,也是他一辈子兢兢业业、念兹在兹的奋斗目标。期盼中国的学术界能避免闭门造车、故步自封的保守心态,培养国际视野并时刻关注最前沿的研究,多多提倡跨学科、多领域的研究方法,共同为推进中国语言学的迈步向前而努力!

2004年与Jone Holland教授摄于香港城市大学

2004年与杨振宁家人摄于清华大学,左二起:杨振平之子Mason、杨振宁、杨振宁之弟杨振平及夫人史美

2005年与Tom Schoemann教授摄于美国新墨西哥州圣菲学院

2009年与Sydney Lamb、邹嘉彦摄于香港城市大学

2007年与Paul Kay教授摄于香港中文大学办公室

2010年在香港中文大学接受叶新燕、Stephen Matthews访问

2010年与沈钟伟教授摄于天津

2011年与Bernard Comrie教授摄于香港中文大学

2011年与2009年诺贝尔物理学奖得主高锟摄于香港中文大学

2011年摄于北京语言大学荣誉教授颁授典礼

2011年与郑锦全教授摄于台北

2012年与William Labov教授对话于香港中文大学

2012年与丁邦新夫妇摄于香港

2013年与谭力海教授摄于香港中文大学

2013年与洪兰教授摄于香港中文大学

2013年与潘悟云教授摄于香港

2013年与石锋、彭刚摄于香港沙田的80华诞晚宴

2013年在台湾认知神经科学学会成立大会上发言

2017年与Salikoko Mufwene教授及张梦翰摄于第九届演化语言学研讨会

与Murray Gell-Mann教授摄于香港城市大学

与Charles Fillmore教授摄于香港城市大学

与夫人蔡雅菁骑双人协力车

个人简历

学历

1956—1960 密歇根大学博士

1955—1956 密歇根大学硕士

1951—1955 哥伦比亚大学学士

工作经历

2015—2018 语言与认知科学讲座教授,香港理工大学

2013—2015 香港中文大学—北京大学—台湾联合大学系统语言与人类复杂系统联合研究中心主任,香港中文大学

2004—2015 电子工程系研究教授(2009—2012期间为伟伦研究教授),香港中文大学

1996—2004 语言工程讲座教授,香港城市大学

1973— 创刊编辑及主编,《中国语言学报》

1966—1995 语言学教授,加州大学伯克利分校

1963—1965 新创立的语言学及东亚语言文学两系之副教授兼系主任,俄亥俄州立大学

1961—1963 英语系助理教授,俄亥俄州立大学

1960—1961 沟通科学讲师,密歇根大学

荣誉与奖项

2017—2020 香港城市大学翻译及语言学系荣誉教授

2017— 华侨大学荣誉教授

2015—2018 香港中文大学文学院荣誉教授

2013— 南京师范大学荣誉教授

2012—2015 大连民族大学荣誉教授

2011— 北京语言大学荣誉教授

2010— 北京大学荣誉教授

2010台湾科技大学金语言奖(Golden Language Award)

2006—2007 日本京都国际高等研究所奖助

1992— 台北“中央研究院”院士

1992国际中国语言学会首届会长

1991意大利贝拉乔(Bellagio)高等研究中心奖助

1983—1984 斯坦福行为科学高等研究中心奖助

1971—1972 福布莱特研究奖助及瑞典国家教授(National Professor)

1969—1970 斯坦福行为科学高等研究中心奖助

代表性论著

[1] Wang W S-Y, Peterson G E. Segment inventory for speech synthesis[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1958, 30(8): 743—746.

[2] Wang W S-Y, Peterson G E. Segment inventory for speech synthesis[R]. The University of Michigan Speech Research Laboratory Report No. 1, 1958: 19—28.

[3] Shen Y, Wang W S-Y, Yotsukura S. Some suprasegmental features in English, Japanese and Mandarin Chinese[J]. The English Teachers Magazine, 1958, 7(9): 463—472.

[4] Wang W S-Y. Transition and release as perceptual cues for final plosives[J]. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 1959, 2(1): 66—73.

[5] Wang W S-Y, Crawford J. Frequency studies of English consonants[J]. Language and Speech, 1960, 3(3): 131—139.

[6] Wang W S-Y, Fillmore C J. Intrinsic cues and consonant perception[J]. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 1961, 4(2): 130—136.

[7] Reeds J A, Wang W S-Y. The perception of stops after s[J]. Phonetica, 1961, 6(1):78—81.

[8] Wang W S-Y. Stress in English[J]. Language Learning, 1962, 12(1): 69—77.

[9] Meyers L F, Wang W S-Y. Tree representations in linguistics[R]. Project on Linguistic Analysis Report 3, Ohio State University Research Foundation, 1963: 54—111.

[10] Wang W S-Y. Mandarin phonology[R]. Project on Linguistic Analysis Report 6, Ohio State University Research Foundation, 1963: 1—6.

[11] Wang W S-Y. Some syntactic rules for Mandarin[C]//Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Linguists. Mouton, 1964: 191—202.

[12] Wang W S-Y. Two aspect markers in Mandarin[J]. Language, 1965, 41(3): 457—470.

[13] Wang W S-Y.句法分析的原则[J].中国语文月刊,1966,108:2—16.

[14] Wang W S-Y. Conjoining and deletion in Mandarin syntax[J]. Monumenta Serica,1967, 26: 224—236.

[15] Wang W S-Y. The measurement of functional load[J]. Phonetica, 1967, 16: 36—54.

[16] Wang W S-Y. Phonological features of tone[J]. International Journal of American Linguistics, 1967, 33(2): 93—105.

[17] Wang W S-Y. Bibliography of Chinese Linguistics[C]//Sebeok T A, ed. Current Trends in Linguistics. Mouton, 1967: 188—499.

[18] Wang W S-Y, Li K P. Tone 3 in Pekinese[J]. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research,1967, 10(3): 629—636.

[19] Wang W S-Y. Vowel features, paired variables and the English vowel shift[J].Language, 1968, 44(4): 695—708.

[20] Mohr B, Wang W S-Y. Perceptual distance and the specification of phonological features[J]. Phonetica, 1968, 18: 31—45.

[21] Wang W S-Y. Competing changes as a cause of residue[J]. Language, 1969, 45: 9—25.

[22] Wang W S-Y. Project DOC: its methodological basis[J]. Journal of American Oriental Society, 1970, 90(1): 57—66.

[23] Wang W S-Y, Cheng C C. Implementation of phonological change: the Shuang-Feng Chinese case[C]//Papers from Sixth Regional Meeting. Chicago Linguistic Society,1970: 552—559.

[24] Cheng C C, Wang W S-Y. Phonological change of Middle Chinese initials[J]. Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, 1971, 9(1): 216—270.

[25] Wang W S-Y. The basis of speech[C]//Reed C E, ed. The Learning of Language. New York: Kenkyusha Publishers, 1971: 267—306.

[26] Wang W S-Y. Approaches to phonology[C]//Sebeok T A, ed. Current Trends in Linguistics. Mouton, 1972: 101—121.

[27] Wang W S-Y. The many uses of F0[C]//Valdman A, ed. Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics to the Memory of Pierre Delattre. The Hague: Mouton, 1972: 487—503.

[28] Wang W S-Y. The Chinese language[J]. Scientific American, 1973, 228: 53—62.

[29] Cheng C C, Wang W S-Y. Tone change in Chaozhou Chinese: a study in lexical diffusion[C]//Kachru B, et al, eds. Issues in Linguistics: Papers in Honor of Henry and Renee Kahane. University of Illinois Press, 1973: 99—113.

[30] Wang W S-Y, Chan S W, T’sou B K. Chinese linguistics and the computer[J].Linguistics, 1973, 118: 89—117.

[31] Wang W S-Y. Why and how do we study the sounds of speech[C]//Mitchell J L, ed.Computers in the Humanities. Edinburgh University Press, 1974: 39—53.

[32] Wang W S-Y.语言研究讲话[J].Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 1974, 2(1): 1—24.

[33] Chen M, Wang W S-Y. Sound change: actuation and implementation[J]. Language,1975, 51(1): 255—281.

[34] Wang W S-Y. Language change[J]. Annals of the New York Academy of Science,1976, 280: 61—72.

[35] Lehiste I, Wang W S-Y. Perception of sentence boundaries with and without semantic information[C]//Phonologica 1976. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft,1976, 19: 277—283.

[36] Hardyck C, Tzeng O, Wang W S-Y. Cerebral lateralization effects in visual half-field experiments[J]. Nature, 1977, 269: 705—707.

[37] Tzeng O J L, Hung D L, Wang W S-Y. Speech recoding in reading Chinese characters[J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 1977, 3: 621—630.

[38] Chuang C K, Wang W S-Y. Use of optical distance sensing to track tongue motion[J].Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 1978, 21: 482—496.

[39] Hardyck C, Tzeng O J L, Wang W S-Y. Lateralization of function and bilingual decision processes: is thinking lateralized?[J]. Brain and Language, 1978, 5: 56—71.

[40] Chuang C K, Wang W S-Y. Psychophysical pitch biases related to vowel quality,intensity difference, and sequential order[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1978, 64(4): 1004—1014.

[41] Wang W S-Y. The three scales of diachrony[C]//Kachru B B, ed. Linguistics in the Seventies: Directions and Prospects. University of Illinois, 1978: 63—75.

[42] Fillmore C J, Kempler D, Wang W S-Y. Introductory chapter to Individual Differences in Language Ability and Language Behavior[M]. Academic Press, 1979: 1—10.

[43] Wang W S-Y. Language change: a lexical perspective[J]. Annual Review of Anthropology, 1979, 8: 353—371.

[44] Tzeng O J L, Hung D, Cotton B, Wang W S-Y. Visual lateralization effect in reading Chinese characters[J]. Nature, 1979, 282: 499—501.

[45] Wang W S-Y. Language structure and optimal orthography[C]//Tzeng O J L, Singer H,eds. The Perception of Print: Reading Research in Experimental Psychology. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1981: 223—236.

[46] Wang W S-Y. Variation and selection in language change[J]. Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, 1982, 53: 495—519.

[47] Wang W S-Y. Speech and script relations in some Asian languages[C]//Chu-Chang M, ed. Asian- and Pacific-American Perspectives in Bilingual Education: Comparative Research. New York: Teachers College Press, 1983: 56—72.

[48] Tzeng O J L, Wang W S-Y. The first two R’s[J]. American Scientist, 1983, 71: 238—243.

[49] Polich J M, McCarthy G, Wang W S-Y, Donchin E. When words collide: orthographic and phonological interference during word processing[J]. Biological Psychology,1983, 16: 155—180.

[50] Tzeng O J L, Wang W S-Y. Search for a common neuro-cognitive mechanism for language and movements[J]. American Journal of Physiology, 1984, 246: R904—R911.

[51] Wang W S-Y, Xu Tongqiang. Conversation on historical linguistics[J].语言学论丛,1984,13:250—258.

[52] Lin T, Wang W S-Y.声调感知问题[J].中国语言学报,1984,2:59—69.

[53] Wang W S-Y, Cheng C C. Middle Chinese tones in modern dialects[C]//Channon R,Shockey L, eds. In Honor of Ilse Lehiste. Foris Publishers, 1987: 513—523.

[54] Cavalli-Sforza L L, Wang W S-Y. Spatial distance and lexical replacement[J].Language, 1986, 62: 38—55.

[55] Wang W S-Y. Representing language relationships[C]//Hoenigswald H, Wiener L,eds. Biological Metaphor and Cladistic Classification. University of Pennsylvania Press,1987: 243—256.

[56] Wang W S-Y. A note on tone development[C]//The Chinese Language Society of Hong Kong, eds. Wang Li Memorial Volumes. Hong Kong: Joint Publishing Company, 1987:435—443.

[57] Shen Z W, Wooters C, Wang W S-Y. Closure duration in the classification of stops:a statistical analysis[C]//Studies Presented to Ilse Lehiste. Ohio State University Working Papers in Linguistics, 1987, 35: 197—209.

[58] Wang W S-Y.计算机在语言学里的运用[C]//Proceedings of ROCLING I. Taipei:R.O.C. Computational Linguistics Workshop I, 1988: 257—287.

[59] Wang W S-Y. The migrations of the Chinese people and the settlement of Taiwan[C]//Kuang-chou Li, ed. Anthropological Studies of the Taiwan Area: Accomplishments and Prospects. Taipei: Department of Anthropology, Taiwan University, 1989: 15—36.

[60] Wang W S-Y. Language prefabs and habitual thought[C]//TESOL Summer Institute.Forum Lectures, San Francisco State University, 1989.

[61] Wang W S-Y. Language in China: a chapter in the history of linguistics[J]. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 1989, 17(2): 183—222.

[62] Ogura M, Wang W S-Y. A phonetic study of Japanese stop consonants[C]//Grosser W,et al, eds. Phonophilia: Festschrift for Professor Zaic. Salzburg University Press, 1989:115—128.

[63] Wang W S-Y.汉语教学三点看法[C]//Proceedings of the Second World Chinese Language Conference. Volume 1. Taipei, 1990: 13—23.

[64] Wang W S-Y. Theoretical issues in studying Chinese dialects[J]. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 1990, 25: 1—34.

[65] Wang W S-Y, Shen Z W.词汇扩散的动态描写[J].语言研究,1991,20:15—33.

[66] Ogura M, Wang W S-Y. The development of the Indo-European languages: from a perspective of dynamic dialectology[C]//Studies in Dravidian and General Linguistics:a Festschrift for Bh. Krishnamurti. Hyderabad: Osmania University Press, 1991: 280—337.

[67] Ogura M, Wang W S-Y. Isoglosses: artifactual or real[C]//Brogyanyi B, ed. Prehistory,History and Historiography of Language, Speech and Linguistic Theory. Amsterdam:John Benjamins, 1991: 153—181.

[68] Wang W S-Y,张文轩.汉语语言学发展的历史回顾[J].兰州学刊,1991,59(2):79—89,104.

[69] Husmann L E, Wang W S-Y. Ethnolinguistic notes on the Dungan[J]. Sino-Platonic Papers, 1991, 27: 71—84.

[70] Ogura M, Wang W S-Y, Cavalli-Sforza L L. The development of Middle English /i/ in England: a Study in Dynamic Dialectology[C]//Eckert P, ed. New Ways of Analyzing Sound Change. Academic Press, 1991: 63—106.

[71] Wang W S-Y, Shen Z W.方言关系的计量表述[J].中国语文,1992(2):81—92.

[72] Mountain J L, Wang W S-Y, Du R F, Yuan Y D, Cavalli-Sforza L L. Congruence of genetic and linguistic evolution in China[J]. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 1992, 20:315—331.

[73] Wang W S-Y, Lien C F. Bidirectional diffusion in sound change[C]//Jones C, ed.Historical Linguistics: Problems and Perspectives. Essex: Longman, 1993: 345—400.

[74] Wang W S-Y.语言变化的机理[J].中国境内语言暨语言学,1994,2:1—20.

[75] Wang W S-Y.汉语方言研究的理论断想[J].张文轩,译,刘汉城,校.青海民族学院学报(社会科学版),1994,3:57—61,80.

[76] Shen Z W, Wang W S-Y.吴语浊塞音的研究——统计上的分析和理论上的考虑[C]//Xu Yunyang徐云扬,ed.吴语研究.Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1995: 219—238.

[77] Ogura M, Wang W S-Y. Lexical diffusion in semantic change: with special reference to universal changes[J]. Folia Linguistica Historica, 1995, ⅩⅥ(1—2): 29—73.

[78] Wang W S-Y, Asher R E. Chinese linguistic tradition[C]//Koerner E F K, Asher R E,eds. Concise History of the Language Sciences: From the Sumerians to the Cognitivists.New York: Pergamon Press, 1995: 41—44.

[79] Wang W S-Y. Lexical diffusion: retrospect and prospect[J]. Contemporary Chinese Linguistics, 1996, 1(1).

[80] Wang W S-Y. Linguistic diversity and language relationships[C]//Huang C T J, Li Y H A, eds. New Horizons in Chinese Linguistics. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers,1996: 235—267.

[81] Wang W S-Y. Genes, dates and the writing system[J]. International Review of Chinese Linguistics, 1996, 1(1): 45—47.

[82] Freedman D A, Wang W S-Y. Language polygenesis: a probabilistic model[J].Anthropological Science, 1996, 104(2): 131—138.

[83] Liu G K F, Wang W S-Y.白马非马:a case of folk etymology[J]. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 1996, 24: 128—137.

[84] Ogura M, Wang W S-Y. Snowball effect in lexical diffusion: the development of -s in the third person singular present indicative in English[C]//Britton D, ed. English Historical Linguistics 1994. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1996: 119—141.

[85] Ogura M, Wang W S-Y. Lexical diffusion and evolution theory[C]//Hickey R, Puppel S, eds. Language History and Linguistic Modelling: A Festschrift for Jacek Fisiak on his 60th Birthday. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1996: 1083—1098.

[86] Ogura M, Wang W S-Y. Explorations in the origins of the Japanese language[C]//Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Origins of the Japanese. International Research Center for Japanese Studies, 1996: 309—334.

[87] Wang W S-Y. A quantitative study of Zhuang-Dong languages[C]//Yue A O, Endo M, eds. In Memory of Mantaro J. Hashimoto桥本万太郎纪念中国语学论集.Tokyo:Uchiyama Books内山书店,1997:81—96.

[88] Wang W S-Y. Languages or dialects?[J]. CUHK Journal of Humanities, 1997, 1: 54—62.

[89] Wang W S-Y. Language and the evolution of modern humans[C]//Omoto K, Tobias P V, eds. Recent Advances in Human Biology, vol. 3, The Origins and Past of Modern Humans- Towards Reconciliation. Singapore: World Scientific, 1998: 247—262.

[90] Wang W S-Y. Three windows on the past[C]//Mair V H, ed. The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern Central Asia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum Publications, 1998: 508—534.

[91] Wang W S-Y. Representing relationships among linguistic elements[C]//T’sou B K,et al, eds. Quantitative and Computational Studies on the Chinese Language. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong, 1998: 1—14.

[92] Ogura M, Wang W S-Y. Evolution theory and lexical diffusion[C]//Fisiak J, Krygier M, eds. Advances in English Historical Linguistics 1996. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1998: 315—344.

[93] Qiao S Z, Minett J, Wang W S-Y. Evaluating phylogenetic trees by matrix decomposition[J]. Anthropological Science, 1998, 106(1): 1—22.

[94] Ogura M, Wang W S-Y, Cavalli-Sforza L L. The development of Middle English I in English: a study in dynamic dialectology[C]//Fisiak J, Oizumi A, eds. English Historical Linguistics and Philology in Japan. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1998: 237—286.

[95] Wang W S-Y. Languages and peoples of China[C]//Yin Y, Yang I L, Chan H C, eds. 中国境内语言暨语言学.第五辑.语言中的互动[Chinese Languages and Linguistics V:Interactions in Language]. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, 1999: 1—26.

[96] Wang W S-Y. Language emergence and transmission[C]//Peyraube A, Sun C F, eds.In Honor of Mei Tsu-Lin: Studies on Chinese Historical Syntax and Morphology. Paris:École de Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Centre de Recherches Linquistiques sur l’Asie Orientale, 1999: 247—257.

[97] Schoenemann P T, Budinger T F, Sarich V M, Wang W S-Y. Brain size does not predict general cognitive ability within families[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 2000, 97(9): 4932—4937.

[98] Wang W S-Y. The joys of research: Mendel, Jones, and Human Origins[C]//Symposium on Broadening Research Frontiers at the City University of Hong Kong.

[99] Wang W S-Y. Human diversity and language diversity[C]//Jin L, Seielstad M, Xiao C, eds. Genetic, Linguistic and Archeological Perspectives on Human Diversity in Southeast Asia. Singapore: World Scientific, 2001: 17—33.

[100] Wang W S-Y.门德尔与琼斯,道不同不相为谋?[J].科学中国人,2001,11:28—31.

[101] Wang W S-Y, Ke J Y.语言的起源及建模仿真初探[J].中国语文,2001,282:195—200.

[102] Karafet T, Xu L, Du R, Wang W S-Y, et al. Paternal population history of East Asia:sources, patterns, and microevolutionary processes[J]. American Journal of Human Genetics, 2001, 69: 615—628.

[103] Wang W S-Y.语言是云南的文化宝藏[J].科学人,2002,10:58—59.

[104] Ke J Y, Minett J, Au C P, Wang W S-Y. Self-organization and selection in the emergence of vocabulary[J]. Complexity, 2002, 7(3): 41—54.

[105] Wang W S-Y. Yunnan and her cultural treasures[J]. International Association of Chinese Linguistics Newsletter, 2003, 11(2): 3—5.

[106] Minett J W, Wang W S-Y. On detecting borrowing: distance-based and character-based approaches[J]. Diachronica, 2003, 20(2): 289—330.

[107] 王士元,李文雄,王明珂.中国民族的起源与形成过程[R].“中央研究院”主题研究计划,2003.

[108] 邓晓华,王士元.苗瑶语族语言的亲缘关系的计量研究—词源统计分析方法[J].中国语文,2003(3):253—263.

[109] 邓晓华,王士元.藏缅族语言的数理分类及其形成过程的分析[J].民族语文,2003(3):1—12.

[110] 邓晓华,王士元.古闽、客方言的来源以及历史层次问题[J].古汉语研究,2003(2):1—10.

[111] Ke J Y, Ogura M, Wang W S-Y. Optimization models of sound systems using genetic algorithms[J]. Computational Linguistics, 2003, 29(1): 1—18.

[112] Wang W S-Y, Ke J Y, Minett J W. Computational studies of language evolution[C]//Huang C R, Lenders W, eds. Computational Linguistics and Beyond, Frontiers in Linguistics 1, Language and Linguistics Monograph Series B. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, 2004: 65—108.

[113] Ogura M, Wang W S-Y. Dynamic dialectology and complex adaptive system[C]//Dossena M, Lass R, eds. Methods and Data in English Historical Dialectology. Bern:Peter Lang Publisher, 2004: 137—170.

[114] Peng G, Wang W S-Y. An innovative prosody modeling method for Chinese speech recognition[J]. International Journal of Speech Technology, 2004, 7: 129—140.

[115] Wang F, Wang W S-Y. Basic words and language evolution[J]. Language and Linguistics, 2004, 5(3): 643—662.

[116] Wang W S-Y, Minett J W. The invasion of language: emergence, change, and death[J]. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 2005, 20(5): 263—269.

[117] Whitehouse P, Usher T, Ruhlen M, Wang W S-Y. Kusunda: an Indo-Pacific language in Nepal[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 2004, 101: 5692—5695.

[118] Gong T, Ke J, Minett J W, Wang W S-Y. A computational framework to simulate the coevolution of language and social structure[C]//Pollack J, Bedau M A, Husbands P, Ikegami T, et al, eds. Artificial Life IX: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004: 214—219.

[119] Gong T, Wang W S-Y. Computational modeling on language emergence: a coevolution model of lexicon, syntax and social structure[J]. Language and Linguistics, 2005, 6(1): 1—42.

[120] Gong T, Ke J, Minett J W, Holland J H, Wang W S-Y. Coevolution of lexicon and syntax from a simulation perspective[J]. Complexity, 2005, 10(6): 50—62.

[121] Wang W S-Y, Minett J W. The invasion of language: emergence, change, and death[J]. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 2005, 20(5): 263—269.

[122] Wang W S-Y, Minett J W. Vertical and horizontal transmission in language evolution[J]. Transactions of the Philological Society, 2005, 103(2): 121—146.

[123] 汪锋,王士元.语义创新与方言的亲缘关系[J].方言,2005,2:157—167.

[124] Wang W S-Y.语言学的回顾与前瞻[J].辅仁外语学报,2005,2:1—18.

[125] 汪锋,王士元.基本词汇与语言演变[J].谷峰,译.语言学论丛,2006,33:340—358.

[126] Gong T, Minett J W, Wang W S-Y. Computational simulation on the co-evolution of compositionality and regularity[C]//Cangelosi A, Smith A D M, Smith K, eds.The Evolution of Language: The Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Language Evolution. London: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., 2006: 99—106.

[127] Minett J W, Gong T, Wang W S-Y. A language emergence model predicts word order bias[C]//Cangelosi A, Smith A D M, Smith K, eds. The Evolution of Language:Proceedings of the 6th International Conference. World Scientific, 2006: 206—213.

[128] Ogura M, Wang W S-Y. Ambiguity and language evolution: evolution of homophones and syllable number of words[C]//Fisiak J, eds. Studia Angelica Posnaniensia.Uniwersytet Im. Adama Mickiewicza W Poznaniu, 2006, 42: 3—30.

[129] 王士元.演化语言学中的计算机建模[J].北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2006,43:17—22.

[130] 王士元.语言是一个复杂适应系统[J].清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2006,21:5—13.

[131] 王士元.语言演化的探索[C]//钟荣富,刘显亲,胥嘉陵,何大安,eds.门内日与月:郑锦全先生七秩寿庆论文集.语言暨语言学专刊外编之七.Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, 2006: 9—32.

[132] Wang W S-Y.索绪尔与雅柯布森:现代语言学历史略谈[C]//刘翠溶,ed.四分溪论学集下册:庆祝李远哲先生七十寿辰论文集.台北:允晨文化,2006:669—686.

[133] Wang W S-Y. Hooked on language[C]//何大安,张洪年,潘悟云,吴福祥,eds.山高水长:丁邦新先生七秩寿庆论文集.语言暨语言学专刊外编之六.Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, 2006: 1—20.

[134] Wang W S-Y.浅谈索绪尔与雅柯布森对现代语言学的贡献[J].辅仁外语学报,2006,3:1—21.

[135] Wong F, Minett J W, Wang W S-Y. Reassessing combinatorial productivity exhibited by simple recurrent networks in language acquisition[C]//Proceedings of the 20th International Joint Conference on Neural Networks. Vancouver, Canada, July 2006:1596—1603.

[136] 王士元.语言习得与关键年龄的问题[J].华文世界,2007,99:64—68.

[137] Wong F C K, Wang W S-Y. Combinatorial productivity through the emergence of categories in connectionist networks[J]. Dynamics of Continuous, Discrete &Impulsive Systems (DCDIS) A Supplement, 2007, 14(S1): 650—657.

[138] Deng X H, Wang W S-Y.壮侗语族语言的数理分类及其时间深度[J].中国语文,2007,6(321):536—548.

[139] Wang W S-Y. The language mosaic and its biological bases[J]. Journal of Bio Education, 2007, 2(1): 8—16.

[140] Ke J Y, Gong T, Wang W S-Y. Language change and social networks[J].Communications in Computational Physics, 2008, 3: 935—949.

[141] Minett J W, Wang W S-Y. Modeling endangered languages: the effects of bilingualism and social structure[J]. Lingua, 2008, 118: 19—45.

[142] 王士元.宏观语音学[J].中国语音学,2008,1:1—9.

[143] Gong T, Puglisi A, Loreto V, Wang W S-Y. Conventionalization of linguistic knowledge under communicative constraints[J]. Biological Theory, 2008, 3: 154—163.

[144] Wang W S-Y. Recent advances in evolutionary linguistics[C]//Hsiao Y E, Hsu H-C,Wee L-H, et al, eds. Interfaces in Chinese Phonology: Festschrift in Honor of Matthew Y. Chen on His 70th Birthday. Language and Linguistics Monograph Series W-8.Taipei, 2008: 279—294.

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[151] Wang F, Tsai Y, Wang W S-Y. Chinese literacy[C]//Olson D, Torrance N, eds.Cambridge Handbook on Literacy. Cambridge University Press, 2009: 386—417.

[152] Gong T, Minett J W, Wang W S-Y. A simulation study on word order bias[J].Interaction Studies, 2009, 10: 51—76.

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[154] Siok W T, Kay P, Wang W S-Y, Chan A H D, Chen L, Luke K-K, Tan L H. Language regions of brain are operative in color perception[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2009, 106: 8140—8145.

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[156] Gong T, Minett J W, Wang W S-Y. A simulation study exploring the role of cultural transmission in language evolution[J]. Connection Science, 2010, 22: 69—85.

[157] Peng G, Minett J W, Wang W S-Y. Cultural Background Influences the Liminal Perception of Chinese Characters: An ERP Study[J]. Journal of Neurolinguistics,2010, 23: 416—426.

[158] Peng G, Zheng H-Y, Gong T, Yang R-X, Kong J-P, Wang W S-Y. The influence of language experience on categorical perception of pitch contours[J]. Journal of Phonetics, 2010, 38: 616—624.

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[164] Peng G, Zhang C C, Zheng H Y, Minett J W, Wang W S-Y. The effect of intertalker variations on acoustic-perceptual mappings in Cantonese and Mandarin tone systems[J]. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 2012, 55: 579—595.

[165] Minett J W, Zheng H Y, Fong M C-M, Zhou L, Peng G, Wang W S-Y. A Chinese text input brain-computer interface based on the P300 speller[J]. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 2012, 28: 472—483.

[166] Zheng H Y, Minett J, Peng G, Wang W S-Y. The impact of tone systems on the categorical perception of lexical tones: An event-related potentials study[J].Language and Cognitive Processes, 2012, 27(2): 184—209.

[167] Zhang C C, Peng G, Wang W S-Y. Unequal effects of speech and nonspeech contexts on the perceptual normalization of Cantonese level tones[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2012, 132(2): 1088—1099.

[168] Zhou L, Peng G, Zheng H Y, Su I-F, Wang W S-Y. Sub-lexical phonological and semantic processing of semantic radicals: A primed naming study[J]. Reading and Writing, 2012. DOI: 10.1007/s11145—012—9402—7.

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[171] Zhang C C, Peng G, Wang W S-Y. Achieving constancy in spoken word identification:Time course of talker normalization[J]. Brain & Language, 2013, 126: 193—202.

[172] Peng G, Yang R X, Wang W S-Y. Lateralized Stroop interference effect with Chinese characters[J].实验语言学,2013,2(1):1—8.

[173] Peng G, Deutsch D, Henthorn T, Su D, Wang W S-Y. Language experience influences non-linguistic pitch perception[J]. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 2013, 41(2): 447—467.

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[180] Wang W S-Y. Ancestry of languages and of peoples (语言及人类的祖先)[J].语言学论丛,2014,50:1—28.

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[196] Fillmore C J, Kempler D, Wang W S-Y. Individual Differences in Language Ability and Language Behavior[M]. New York: Academic Press, 1979.

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[206] Wang W S-Y. Explorations in Language[M]. Taibei: Pyramid Press, 1991.

[207] Wang W S-Y, editor. The Ancestry of the Chinese Language[M]. Hong Kong:Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 1995.

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[212] 王士元, Peng G.语言,语音与技术[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2006.

[213] Wang W S-Y, Peng G.语言,语音与技术[M].Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press, 2007.

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[218] 王士元.语言、演化与大脑[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2014.

[219] Wang W S-Y. Love and War in Ancient China: The Voices of Shijing[M]. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press, 2013.

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[221] Wang W S-Y, Sun C F, editors. Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics[M].Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.

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