4.3　基于硅藻壳结构的复合凹坑摩擦学性能研究

随着对减少摩擦和能源消耗的需求不断增加，表面纹理由于其作为润滑剂的流体动力学作用而引起了广泛关注。随着仿生技术的发展，可以通过模拟生物系统的高级结构来获得先进的表面纹理机制。现有研究表明，自然界中超过25%的生产力是由硅藻提供的 ［148］ ，其硅藻壳（即壳）由多层孔隙结构组成 ［34,97］ 。即使在同一孔的底部，有时也会出现一个或多个孔。这可以通过代表性圆筛藻属未定种的两级圆柱孔来证明。如图4.54所示，其中最外面的圆柱形孔的直径约为1.212μm，而在其底部2.23μm约为第二级圆柱形孔的直径。

硅藻孔形状主要是立方体、圆柱形或六边形 ［149-150］ 。正是精细的多层次孔隙结构，使硅藻具有较高的回弹性和拉伸性能等良好的力学性能，从而在进化中得以生存。例如，代表性的圆筛藻属未定种的每一层孔隙的弹性模量分别高达3.4GPa、1.7GPa和15.61GPa ［18,24］ 。测试表明圆筛藻属未定种的硬度达到0.12GPa ［151］ 。此外，已证实硅藻壳可以承受150～680N·mm -1 范围内的更高应力 ［152］ 。迄今为止，通过实验对硅藻的摩擦学特性进行的研究还很少。用原子力显微镜观察发现，硅藻成分之间的摩擦磨损可以通过其自润滑来克服，Aulacoseira granulate和Ellerbeckia arenaria（即两种硅藻）的条带可以充当滚珠轴承或固体润滑剂 ［153-154］ 。

尽管上面对简单的凹坑效应和硅藻壳进行了研究，但对硅藻多层次孔结构的摩擦学性能，特别是其在工程表面的仿生应用的模拟研究还很少。

作为对上述表面织构研究中使用的简单凹坑的扩展探索，利用硅藻结构的二级孔及其延伸形状对平行滑动表面进行织构，在本研究中称为复合凹坑。每个复合凹坑由两级孔组成，其对表面摩擦学性能的影响通过流固相互作用（FSI）方法进行研究。这种方法的应用没有考虑到硅藻壳在水中移动时由于环境高水压而引起的变形。该方法在求解水膜压力时将硅藻壳变形纳入水膜厚度中，得到的水膜压力在进一步分析硅藻壳变形时考虑，这是一个双向耦合过程。

Meng等研究了具有不同复合和简单凹坑形状的物理模型。基于这些模型，复合凹坑的流体动力润滑作用用Navier-Strokes方程求解，因为它可以克服Reynolds方程在润滑膜惯性力明显或膜厚比（即润滑膜厚度与匹配表面之间的间隙之比）较小的条件下预测摩擦副润滑性能的局限性，其中润滑剂容易发生湍流 ［155-157］ 。同时，利用固体本构方程求解织构化表面的变形和应力等力学性能。接下来，在典型复合凹坑和简单凹坑形状之间以及在复合凹坑形状之间对平行滑动表面的摩擦学性能进行比较，以找到最佳复合凹坑。

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