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1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
The latest in a series of high-profile retractions of research papers has people asking: What's wrong with peer review? Scientific and medical journals use the peer-review process to decide which studies are 1 of publication. But a string of 2 or fabricated research has made it into print. The problems were 3 only when outside researchers scrutinized the work and 4 a job that many believe is the responsibility of the journals: They 5 the data.
The 6 of retractions has been rising for years. On Tuesday, a paper 7 the discovery of a room-temperature superconductor was retracted by the journal Nature 8 physicists flagged problems with the study and Nature 9 its own investigation. The journal's decision to retract the paper 10 the criticism it had received almost 11 upon publication. But it didn't ease critics of the peer-review process.
Typically, reviewers are working scientists selected by journal editors to 12 submissions and recommend whether they should appear 13 . Their reviews are almost always provided for free as a service to the scientific 14 . And to facilitate fair assessments, their 15 are usually concealed. But journal editors acknowledge that errors or fraud can escape notice because reviewers don't audit underlying data sets.
16 only a small fraction of the millions of studies published every year are retracted, when questionable research does make it into the pages of a prestigious journal, the consequences can be severe and 17 .
One suggestion for fixing peer review that 18 frequently is to pay reviewers. But journals are 19 to add additional costs. Another suggestion is to bring some of the data-checking in-house, while continuing to 20 outside reviewers to assess the scientific design and arguments in new work.
1. [A] proud [B] worthy [C] capable [D] confident
2. [A] questionable [B] valuable [C] creditable [D] creative
3. [A] insulated [B] subjected [C] exposed [D] complicated
4. [A] accepted [B] quitted [C] outsourced [D] performed
5. [A] generated [B] gathered [C] exchanged [D] checked
6. [A] discovery [B] quality [C] number [D] objection
7. [A] claiming [B] citing [C] denying [D] acknowledging
8. [A] before [B] after [C] unless [D] although
9. [A] deserved [B] conducted [C] identified [D] obstructed
10. [A] expressed [B] validated [C] escaped [D] rejected
11. [A] immediately [B] hurriedly [C] approximately [D] deliberately
12. [A] reject [B] receive [C] evaluate [D] welcome
13. [A] in debt [B] in order [C] in line [D] in print
14. [A] experience [B] experiment [C] club [D] community
15. [A] locations [B] identities [C] hobbies [D] ages
16. [A] While [B] If [C] Once [D] Until
17. [A] lasting [B] temporary [C] inspiring [D] beneficial
18. [A] comes across [B] comes after [C] comes up [D] comes apart
19. [A] willing [B] pleased [C] reluctant [D] likely
20. [A] compete with [B] run into [C] take after [D] rely on
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
The way our cities and towns look and work reflects political priorities. In mid-19th century Paris, when Baron Haussmann was seeking public money for building his avenues, he told the government that wide, open avenues would make it harder to build barriers. In an age of urban uprisings at the heart of the French capital, that quickly opened up the public purse.
Following the killing of Sarah Everard, a different kind of revolution should be uppermost in our politicians' minds. As a large number of female testimony over recent days has underlined, our public spaces do not sufficiently prioritize the wellbeing and safety of women. In a 2019 talk entitled The Feminist City, Dr Ellie Cosgrave, associate professor at University College London, said: “It is the multiple and constant threats that young women experience that tell us that the city is not a place where they belong.” The death of Ms. Everard must be a watershed moment in generating the public will to change that reality.
Fundamental to this task is an acceptance by men that they must do more to mitigate a climate of insecurity. In an interview on Tuesday, Dr Cosgrave called for a national movement to train “active bystanders” in how to intervene where harassment is taking place. As she has argued, women must also play an equal part in designing the infrastructure that shapes everyday life. A chronic gender imbalance among urban planners has meant that certain problems are not seen, still less understood. From a lack of access to safe female toilets to overcrowded transport systems, which make women more vulnerable to hidden assault, unnecessary anxiety has been built into the lives of half the population.
In this context, the government's belated commitment to fund better street lighting is welcome. Switching off street lights across Britain was an irresponsible way to save public money, as should have been acknowledged years ago. There were certainly sufficient warnings to that effect from women. But far more needs to be done to recalibrate urban priorities to spotlight female concerns. The underfunding and degradation of civic spaces, such as parks, sends an insidious message of community neglect, turning areas into threatening no-go zones. Underpasses and other hidden spaces, such as isolated parking areas, create situations of vulnerability. Possibilities of natural surveillance—external visibility—should be factored into all urban architecture, street planning and landscaping. Decisions should take women's security and wellbeing into account. For this to happen, Britain needs to promote and train more female urban planners and civil engineers.
All being well, the public spaces of Britain will soon come alive again, as lockdown and social restrictions are phased out. Women must be given a far greater say in their future configuration.
21. Haussmann's construction plan won approval because the road system would __________.
[A] solve the traffic problems in Paris
[B] reduce the occurrences of riot
[C] consume a lot of public funds
[D] be a glorious transformation of the city
22. The Feminist City is mentioned to show that __________.
[A] many females believe that they do not belong to cities
[B] the wellbeing of women is the priority of the government
[C] women's safety should be considered in the design of a city
[D] the death of Ms. Everard ignited a storm of protest
23. Unnecessary anxiety has permeated half the population due to __________.
[A] no intervention of male bystanders
[B] advanced transport systems
[C] violent attacks women would suffer from
[D] ill-conceived planning of city infrastructure
24. What can be inferred from Paragraph 4?
[A] The degraded public spaces in London are irreparable.
[B] Saving public money is irresponsible for Britain politicians.
[C] Urban architects should take parks into consideration.
[D] Males' dominance has an adverse impact on urban planning.
25. Which of the following best summarizes the text?
[A] The public spaces of Britain will be vibrant with life soon.
[B] Males consist of the vast majority of urban designers.
[C] The lockdown causes damage to the city's function.
[D] The city designing should prioritize women's safety.
Agriculture companies and lobbyists are among those who arrived in the United Arab Emirates for Cop28 determined to resist pressure on them to transform their businesses. Documents show that JBS, the world's biggest meat company, and allies including the Global Dairy Platform, planned to make arguments in favor of livestock farming with “full force”. While the sincerity of fossil-fuel businesses' commitment to a green transition has long been doubted, they are not the only energy-intensive businesses to approach Cop28 as an opportunity to promote their activities.
While the ostensible purpose is to safeguard the planet for the future, the fear is that the Cop process has been captured by the short-term interests of carbon-emitting industries that will do anything to protect their wealth.
In petrol-states such as the UAE, the economic interests of rulers and fossil-fuel businesses are the same. But other rich nations with more mixed economies are also culpable. On Friday Rishi Sunak gave a speech that sought to justify his disgraceful watering-down of green measures on the grounds that they would cost people “thousands of pounds”. Meanwhile, in the US, fossil fuel extraction is surging, despite the support for renewables in the Inflation Reduction Act.
One key question for negotiators in Dubai is how the remaining carbon budget is allocated. Another is how the people and ecosystems most harmed by global heating will be helped. On the latter, there has been some progress with the establishment of a loss and damage fund. But the battle over the continued production of fossil fuels, and the future of carbon-intensive industries such as animal agriculture and aviation, is raging.
Sultna Al Jaber, the chief executive of the UAE's national oil company, regarded the need for finance to unlock green industrialization in the global south as the existential battle of our generation. But carbon-intensive industries and petrol-states face existential questions of their own. What is their role in the fossil-free future? One answer is that it will not be fossil-free at all. The African forests recently bought as offsets by the UAE-based company Blue Carbon are a license to keep polluting. Such deals cannot be dismissed out of hand, especially while loss and damage funds are inadequate. African countries need funding for conservation. However, the effectiveness of carbon markets has not been proven. That emissions must be reduced, not redistributed or cancelled out through accounting, is an inexorable fact.
It is the struggle to be allowed to continue emitting in which most, if not all, of those who rely on carbon-intensive activity to generate wealth are engaged. Big oil was never just a handful of corporations—BP, Shell, ExxonMobil, Chevron—as important as those businesses are. The confrontation goes both deeper and wider, taking in industries ranging from shipping and agriculture to construction and cars.
26. Which of the following can be learned from Paragraphs 1 and 2?
[A] Agriculture companies are reluctant to undergo business transformation.
[B] JBS and its allies would advocate restricting livestock farming.
[C] Fossil-fuel companies devote their efforts to a green transition.
[D] Cop28 truly lives up to the expectations from the world.
27. According to Paragraph 3, Rishi Sunak's speech is mentioned to show that __________.
[A] his consideration is pragmatic to meet the UK's climate targets
[B] his decision intends to cause no disruption to people's lives
[C] the shift in the UK's green measures is largely due to the high cost
[D] some rich nations lack determination to curb carbon emissions
28. The toughest issue on the Conference's agenda is __________.
[A] how to aid victims of climate warming
[B] how to establish a loss and damage fund
[C] how to enlarge the global carbon budget
[D] how to lower global carbon emissions
29. Blue Carbon bought African forests to __________.
[A] support green industrialization in the global south
[B] explore a feasible solution for emission reduction
[C] offset the climate pollution they generate
[D] invest in efforts to conserve forests there
30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
[A] The Innovative Livestock Farming Technologies in Agriculture
[B] The Surging Fossil Fuel Extraction Activities in the United States
[C] The Global Efforts Put in Carbon-Free Energy Generation Technologies
[D] Resistance to Low-Carbon Transitions from Carbon-Intensive Industries
To the delight of campaigners and some parents, COVID-19 has put a wrench in school exams. With support from the previous administration, all 50 states cancelled accountability testing last March, freeing 51m public-school pupils from the annual arrangement. The SATs optional essay-writing section and separate subject tests were discontinued this year. The Programme for International Student Assessment and the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) have been postponed too. With opposition for years against standardized testing in public schools, could this be the end?
On February 22nd the current administration said exams had to take place, but that the results would not be used to grade schools. Ordinarily the federal government obliges states to hold schools accountable for their pupils' test scores. Schools with poor results may see their budgets reduced, as part of that exchange of exam results for dollars. Some states have used results to close schools and fire teachers. Teachers in tough places often think it unfair. And COVID-19 has strengthened the point that much of what goes into a test score is, frankly, well beyond the control of teachers.
Abandoning testing could be disastrous, warns the Fordham Institute in a recent report. Cancelling tests again would make it hard to know how schools fared during the pandemic. “I would be in favour of more effort to get as many kids as possible tested, so that we know what is going on,” explains Cory Koedel, who co-wrote the report. “I think some kids are actually probably doing OK, but some are terrible. And I don't think we know exactly who's who.” Others disagree. Derek Briggs of the University of Colorado questions the benefit of testing students during these trying times. “All students are going to need some serious help over the next year to make up for what's been a pretty tough time,” he says.
That thought delights those parents and teachers who have been waging war against standardized exams for years. The Opt Out movement gained national attention in 2015 because some families in New York State refused the exams. Thirteen states received warning letters from the Obama administration for failing to test about 95% of pupils that same year. The activists in the Opt Out movement want to see others held responsible for student learning, not just teachers. “The notion that we can ascertain...the extent to which pupils are doing poorly as a function of what's happening in schools, as opposed to everything else that's going on in their lives right now is absurd,” says Daniel Koretz of Harvard's School of Education.
One compromise would be for a representative sample of children to sit the tests. One group could be selected to take maths and American history, while another group took English and science. Each group would take two exams, the burden of testing would be reduced, but schools and the government would gain reliable information on four subjects, at least.
31. Campaigners and some parents are delighted that __________.
[A] the pandemic has disrupted the tests in schools
[B] public-school pupils are freed from homework
[C] the essay-writing section in SATs is optional
[D] standardized testing in public schools comes to an end
32. Reducing schools' budgets is likely be seen as a result of __________.
[A] the COVID-19
[B] the fired teachers
[C] the tough conditions
[D] the poor test scores
33. Cory Koedel is quoted to show that __________.
[A] testing is the best way to assess students
[B] schools are struggling for survival
[C] the pandemic affected students' academic performance
[D] testing should not be abandoned
34. Daniel Koretz maintains that __________.
[A] students are doing in school as poorly as they are doing everything else
[B] it is unfair to say students' poor scores are only because of schooling
[C] pupils perform poorly in school while perform well in their lives
[D] pupils, to some extent, oppose everything going on schools
35. What the author's attitude toward abandoning testing?
[A] Ambiguous.
[B] Delighted.
[C] Disapproving.
[D] Indifferent.
AI is advancing at a rapid pace, bringing with it potentially transformative benefits for society. If developed responsibly, AI can be a powerful tool to help us deliver a better, more equitable future.
However, AI also presents challenges. From bias in machine learning used for sentencing algorithms, to misinformation, irresponsible development and deployment of AI systems poses the risk of great harm. How can we navigate these incredibly complex issues to ensure AI technology serves our society and not the other way around?
First, it requires all those involved in building AI to adopt and adhere to principles that prioritise safety while also pushing the frontiers of innovation. But it also requires that we build new institutions with the expertise and authority to responsibly steward the development of this technology.
The technology sector often likes straightforward solutions, and institution-building may seem like one of the hardest and most vague paths to go down. But if our industry is to avoid superficial ethics-washing, we need concrete solutions that engage with the reality of the problems we face and bring historically excluded communities into the conversation.
To ensure the market seeds responsible innovation, we need the labs building innovative AI systems to establish proper checks and balances to inform their decision-making. When the language models first burst on to the scene, it was Google DeepMind's institutional review committee that decided to delay the release of our new paper until we could pair it with a taxonomy of risks that should be used to assess models, despite industry-wide pressure to be “on top” of the latest developments.
We are also starting to see convergence across the industry around important practices such as impact assessments and involving diverse communities in development, evaluation and testing. Of course, there is still a long way to go.
Decades ago they started offering “bug bounties”—a financial reward—to researchers who could identify a vulnerability or “bug” in a product. Once reported, the companies had an agreed time period during which they would address the bug and then publicly disclose it, crediting the “bounty hunters”. Over time, this has developed into an industry norm called “responsible disclosure”. AI labs are now borrowing from this playbook to tackle the issue of bias in datasets and model outputs.
Last, advancements in AI present a challenge to multinational governance. Guidance at the local level is one part of the equation, but so too is international policy alignment, given the opportunities and risks of AI won't be limited to any one country. Proliferation and misuse of AI has woken everyone up to the fact that global coordination will play a crucial role in preventing harm and ensuring common accountability.
36. According to the first two paragraphs, AI systems __________.
[A] have helped us build a promising society
[B] have been under close supervision
[C] offer objective advice on verdict
[D] have been developed with potential problems
37. The development of AI systems requires __________.
[A] industry principles and professional oversight bodies
[B] more surprising and wild imagination of the future
[C] straightforward and superficial solutions
[D] professional involvement and ethics-washing
38. The institutional review committee in Paragraph 5 is mentioned to present __________.
[A] a contrasting case
[B] a convincing example
[C] a related topic
[D] a background story
39. The “bug bounties” is set up to __________.
[A] provide financial aid
[B] evaluate AI systems
[C] deal with product bugs
[D] establish an industry norm
40. Which of the following questions does the text answer?
[A] How to establish new norms in the AI industry?
[B] How to deploy AI to make a judicial decision?
[C] What makes AI companies want direct solutions?
[D] How to ensure AI technology serves our development?
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and C have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
[A] We now know that there were two main pulses of extinction. The first, which began 252.1m years ago, mostly affected life on land. The second, more devastating phase, started about 200,000 years later. Though we cannot yet be sure, the first phase might have been triggered by acid rain, ozone depletion and metal pollution caused by volcanic chemicals. As rainforests and other ecosystems were wiped out, more toxic compounds were released from exposed soils and rocks, creating an escalating cycle of collapse.
[B] Budleigh Salterton, on the south coast of Devon, sits above the most frightening cliffs on Earth. They are not particularly high. The horror takes another form. For they capture the moment at which life on Earth almost came to an end.
[C] A paper released might explain why recovery took so long. Because so many of the world's rich ecosystems had been replaced by desert, plants struggled to re-establish themselves. Their total weight on Earth fell by about two thirds. Throughout these 5m years, no coal deposits formed, as there wasn't sufficient plant production to make peat bogs. In other words, the natural processes that remove CO 2 from the atmosphere and turn it into wood and soil or bury it as fossil carbon stalled. For 5m years, the world was trapped in this hothouse state.
[D] The sediments preserved in these cliffs were laid down in the early Triassic period, just after the greatest mass extinction in the history of multicellular life that brought the Permian period to an end 252m years ago. Around 90% of species died, and fish and four-footed animals were more or less exterminated between 30 degrees north of the equator and 40 degrees south. Most remarkably, while biological abundance (if not diversity) tends to recover from mass extinctions within a few hundred thousand years, our planet remained in this near-lifeless state for the following 5m years.
[E] Could it happen again? Two parallel and contradictory processes are in play. At climate summits, governments produce feeble voluntary commitments to limit the production of greenhouse gases. At the same time, almost every state with significant fossil reserves—including the UK—intends to extract as much as they can. A report by Carbon Tracker shows that if all the world's reserves of fossil fields were extracted, their combustion would exceed the carbon budget governments have agreed sevenfold. While less carbon is contained in these reserves than the amount produced during the Permian-Triassic extinction, the compressed timescale could render this release just as deadly to life on Earth.
[F] Everything now hangs on which process prevails: the sometimes well-meaning, but always feeble, attempts to limit the burning of fossil carbon, or the ruthless determination—often on the part of the same governments—to extract as much of it as possible, granting the profits of legacy industries precedence over life on Earth. At the climate summit in Egypt, a nation in which protests are banned and the interests of the people must at all times cede to the interests of power, we will see how close to the cliff edge the world's governments intend to take us.
[G] The second phase appears to have been driven by global heating. By 251.9m years ago, so much solidified rock had accumulated on the surface of the Siberian Traps that the lava could no longer escape. Instead, it was forced to spread underground, along horizontal fissures, into rocks that were rich in coal and other hydrocarbons. The heat from the underground lava cooked the hydrocarbons, releasing vast amounts of carbon dioxide and methane. Temperatures are believed to have climbed by between 8℃ and 10℃, though much of the second phase of extinction might have been caused by an initial rise of between 3℃ and 5℃.
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
The fifth-century Athenian philosopher Socrates (470–399 BC) is widely acknowledged as the founder of the tradition of philosophy as a way of life (PWL). (46) Unlike the pre-Socratic philosophers, on most occasions, he focused exclusively on ethics rather than natural philosophy. Socrates's ethical philosophy marked a significant cultural and intellectual shift away from pre-Platonic natural philosophy, which was widely conceived as “irrelevant to the good life”. For Socrates, philosophy's most important topic was the conduct of human life. (47) Socrates, in Cicero's words, “was the first who called philosophy down from heaven, and placed it in cities, and introduced it even in homes, and drove it to inquire about life and customs and things good and evil.”
That is to say, Socrates made the central philosophical question: “how can we live a good human life?” Plato, whose written dialogues immortalized Socrates, depicted him engaged in discussions focused exclusively on this question. (48) As Plato's Socrates asserts, “There can be no finer subject for discussion than the question of what a man should be like and what occupation he should engage in and how far he should pursue it”. Socrates claimed that only the philosophical way of life can deliver happiness. (49) In addressing the question of the good life, Socrates suggested that people must choose between two incompatible alternatives: namely the philosophical or the political way of life, the practice of citizenship or the care of the soul. Plato's Socrates spells out these alternatives in his dialogue with the fictional character Callicles.
The central issue at stake in Socrates's philosophy is the choice between the life of the philosopher and that of other non-philosophical citizens, including rhetoricians, sophists and even natural philosophers. Socrates maintains that to lead the philosophical way of life necessarily requires criticizing the norms and practices of Athenian citizenship. (50) Of course, we know from the trial and execution of Socrates (399 BCE) that his criticism of the moral failings and limits of Athenian citizenship and political practices incurred the contempt and displeasure of many fellow citizens who praised the virtues of civic participation. Socrates's fellow Athenians valued ‘external' goods like fame, honour, reputation, and wealth above all else, and they identified active, combative citizenship as the principal means of acquiring these goods. From this perspective, Socrates's philosophical way of life seemed to corrupt rather than educate citizens.
51. Directions:
Write an email to the English Department of a university in the United States, applying for the MA program in English and American literature. You should include the details you think necessary.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
52. Directions:
Read the following excerpt from an article and write an essay. In your essay, you should explain whether or to what extent you agree with the author. Support your argument with reasons and relevant examples.
Write your answer in 160-200 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
In modern society, the majority of individuals lead busy lives in bustling cities, leaving them with limited time for communication. As they reside in separate apartments within different blocks, people often find themselves isolated from one another, making it inconvenient to freely meet and interact. Consequently, instead of engaging in face-to-face conversations, modern individuals tend to opt for quick methods like sending emails or making phone calls to convey their good wishes. As a result, some argue that people are becoming somewhat mechanized in their interactions. However, it is crucial for individuals to recognize that while modern forms of communication are efficient, they cannot wholly replace traditional methods. Therefore, it is important to promote the use of traditional means of communication.
1. B 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. D 6. C 7. A 8. B 9. B 10. B 11. A 12. C 13. D 14. D 15. B 16. A 17. A 18. C 19. C 20. D
Part A （40 points）
21. B 22. C 23. D 24. D 25. D 26. A 27. D 28. D 29. C 30. D 31. A 32. D 33. D 34. B 35. C 36. D 37. A 38. B 39. C 40. D
Part B （10 points）
41. B 42. D 43. G 44. E 45. F
Part C （10 points）
46. 不同于生活在他之前的哲学家，在大多数情况下，苏格拉底专注于伦理学，而非自然哲学。
47. 用西塞罗的话说，苏格拉底“是第一个把哲学从天堂召唤下来的人，并把它放在城市里，甚至引入家家户户，促使哲学去探讨生活、习俗以及善恶”。
48. 正如柏拉图笔下的苏格拉底所言：“应该成为什么样的人，应当从事何种职业，这份职业应做到什么地步，再没有比这种问题更适合作为讨论主题了。”Section I Use of English（10 points）
49. 苏格拉底认为，在处理美好生活的问题时，人们必须在两种互不相容的选择中做出决定，即哲学化的生活方式或政治化的生活方式，公民的实践或对灵魂的关怀。
50. 当然，我们从对苏格拉底的审判和处决（公元前399年）了解到，他对雅典公民制度和政治实践中的道德沦丧和局限性进行了批判，这招致了许多公民同胞的蔑视和不满，这些人曾对公民参与公共事务的好处予以赞扬。
（见解析册）