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1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
No business would welcome being compared to Big Tobacco or gambling. 1 that is what is happening to makers of video games. For years parents have casually 2 that their offspring are “addicted” to their PlayStations and smartphones. Today, 3 , ever more doctors are using the term 4 .
On January 1st “gaming disorder”—in which games are played compulsively, despite causing harm—gains 5 from the World Health Organization (WHO), as the newest edition of its diagnostic manual 6 . A few months ago China, the world's biggest gaming market, 7 new rules limiting children to just a single hour of play a day on Friday, Saturday and Sunday, and none the 8 of the week. Western politicians 9 publicly about some games’ 10 to gambling. Clinics are sprouting 11 the world, promising to cure patients of their habit in the same way they might cure them of an addiction to alcohol or cocaine.
Are games really addictive? Psychologists are 12 . The case for the defense is that this is just another moral 13 . Some people in the past issued similarly serious 14 about television, rock ’n' roll, jazz, comic books, novels and even crossword puzzles. As the newest form of mass media, gaming is merely enduring its own time in the stocks 15 it eventually ceases to be controversial. 16 , defenders argue, the criteria used to 17 gaming addiction are too loose. Obsessive gaming, they suggest, is as likely to be a 18 (of depression, say) as a disorder 19 its own right. The prosecution responds that, unlike rock bands or novelists, games developers have both the motive and the means to 20 their products to make them irresistible.
1. [A] Yet [B] Even [C] Still [D] Only
2. [A] supported [B] complained [C] detested [D] suggested
3. [A] moreover [B] though [C] therefore [D] however
4. [A] literally [B] regularly [C] indirectly [D] artistically
5. [A] reputation [B] recognition [C] popularity [D] success
6. [A] comes into play [B] comes into view [C] comes into force [D] comes into focus
7. [A] announced [B] objected [C] advised [D] prohibited
8. [A] whole [B] rest [C] left [D] remaining
9. [A] think [B] worry [C] boast [D] inquire
10. [A] feasibility [B] significance [C] importance [D] similarity
11. [A] to [B] from [C] around [D] into
12. [A] divided [B] dissociated [C] separated [D] consistent
13. [A] awareness [B] virtue [C] code [D] panic
14. [A] welcome [B] anxieties [C] signals [D] warnings
15. [A] when [B] lest [C] before [D] unless
16. [A] Instead [B] Furthermore [C] Thus [D] Nevertheless
17. [A] diagnose [B] define [C] judge [D] estimate
18. [A] form [B] shape [C] symptom [D] exposition
19. [A] of [B] about [C] on [D] in
20. [A] introduce [B] engineer [C] advertise [D] invent
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Nothing's worked. More diplomatically put: nothing has yet worked at anything like the pace required. Is it any wonder that desperation is growing?
The closest anything came to working was Extinction Rebellion in April 2019. The radical flank of the environmental movement punched a hole through complacency and denial and raised climate consciousness permanently. But it didn't succeed in its ultimate aim of provoking meaningful climate action from the UK government.
Governments over the world are simply not taking the findings of climate science seriously. In parallel, the same governments resist the blunt and terrible truth that the world can no longer stay below the 1.5℃ “safe” heating limit. This year's United Nations climate summit, starting in a week in Egypt, is extremely unlikely to admit this failure. Yet deep down, everyone who pays any attention to the climate debate knows.
Wouldn't it be refreshing therefore if academics, environmental and business leaders—even committed politicians, not to mention activists—were to admit that nothing yet has really worked? The public is waiting for those brave enough to speak these truths and to invite a broad and popular response. But it won't happen anything like quickly enough if the public continues not to be trusted with the full reality of our situation.
This is the tragedy of the moment. Because it is frustrating the full emergence of so much energy and endeavour that will become a new moderate flank—one that is all about you: all about where you work or the communities where you live, acting collectively in the day to day to turn around the legacy of failure outlined above.
By way of example: lawyers can express their professional agency by choosing what clients and what business they take. The same goes for insurers who can disclose what they know about the rising threat we face. For academics and teachers, it's about transforming what your teaching and research is about. And for those with access to land, it's about building resilience and inviting the community at large, including those who you may not agree with politically, to join in.
It's about fully facing and sharing the reality of the situation and acting on it. This is the opposite of a recipe for doomism. In lieu of anything even remotely resembling adequate plans from our “leaders”, we need to embody an exit strategy from fossil fuels or else we'll eventually go to an end.
So it's clear the next big step forward in climate action must bring the public with us. We need together to step beyond the lures of polarisation, roll up our sleeves and get down to business by identifying the underlying reasons for past failures.
21. What's the reason for the growing desperation?
[A] Diplomats from the West have different opinions.
[B] The pace of climate action has been speeded up.
[C] There will be a wonder in climate change.
[D] Climate change activities made little advance.
22. The Extinction Rebellion was intended to __________.
[A] motivate the public to engage in climate movement
[B] trigger off outrage from the public in the UK
[C] push the UK government to take climate action
[D] guarantee the climate science is important to the summit
23. According to Paragraph 4, the politicians' attitude towards climate crisis would __________.
[A] keep the heating limit unchanged
[B] be welcomed by the public
[C] prove all the actions are a failure
[D] make it become more severe
24. What do the examples listed in Paragraph 6 illustrate?
[A] Stick together and turn the tide.
[B] Unite as one and raise climate awareness.
[C] Accept the reality and let it be.
[D] Change teaching and research projects.
25. What does the author say about the next step in climate action?
[A] Public should join in and identify reasons for the failures.
[B] Public should quit fossil fuels and explore new energy.
[C] Governments should suppress the moderate flank.
[D] Governments need to wake up to the reality.
The transformation unleashed by increased funding for science during the 20th century is nothing short of remarkable. In the early 1900s research was a cottage industry mostly funded by private firms and charities. Thomas Edison electrified the world from his industrial lab at Menlo Park. Advances in science during the second world war led governments and companies to scale things up. By the mid-1960s America's federal government was spending 0.6% of GDP on research funding and the share of overall investment in research and development rose to nearly 3%.
That dynamism is fizzling out. A growing body of work shows that even as the world spends more on research, the benefit-cost ratio has fallen. One explanation for this is that the way science is funded is out of date. Researchers must now contend with amounts of bureaucracy. The rate at which grant applications are accepted has fallen, meaning more of them must be made. Two-fifths of a top scientist's time is spent on things other than research, such as looking for money. The current system is also monolithic. Western scientific systems are dominated by handouts of project grants and peer review. Most money flows to universities, and the academic career ladder is such that researchers face incentives to pursue incremental advances, in order to boost citations and gain tenure, rather than breakthrough work. It is time for another shake-up.
A growing number of scientists, policymakers and philanthropists hopes to revamp science funding. In 2022 America's CHIPS Act reformed the National Science Foundation (NSF) to focus it more on technology. America's famed Advanced Research Projects Agency (today called DARPA) has inspired copycats in Britain and Germany. Tech billionaires' plans to fund pet projects come thick and fast. On November 1st Eric Schmidt, a former boss of Google, announced he was funding a Moonshot to build an “artificial-intelligence scientist” to speed up biology.
What's the best ways to fund science? The first step is to try new things. More money could fund promising people rather than specific projects, encouraging researchers to take risks. Funders could move faster and bypass peer review entirely, for example by using lotteries. More important still is to find ways to measure what is working and what is not, and then adapt accordingly. Governments might consider appointing “meta-scientists” or “chief economists” to do the number-crunching across their various scientific agencies.
None of this will be easy. More cash for DARPA-like bodies means less for other approaches. Scientific funders say they want to experiment, but they also face pressure to support research that can be easily explained to keep politicians happy. In some cases more money may be the only solution. Still, the economic returns to research are so large that fixing the system is well worth the effort.
26. The increase in research funding during the second world war resulted from __________.
[A] the electric power
[B] the bank loans
[C] the Internet
[D] the scientific progress
27. What is one of the problems with the current research funding?
[A] Funders often prioritize societally oriented research programs.
[B] Researchers spend much time on non-research activities.
[C] The rate at which grant applications are accepted surged.
[D] Researchers are content with the amount of bureaucracy.
28. The word “revamp” (Line 2, Para. 3) is closest in meaning to __________.
[A] innovate
[B] invalid
[C] recover
[D] retrieve
29. According to Paragraph 4, the author holds that __________.
[A] peer-review can be ignored in considering science funding
[B] pursuing commercial technology can lead to great discoveries
[C] the way of funding science is also a scientific problem
[D] more scientists should be appointed to various government positions
30. The politicians mentioned in the last paragraph show that __________.
[A] DARPA-like organizations are dominated by politicians
[B] politics should be eliminated from scientists' working life
[C] experimentation is accompanied by compromises
[D] American scientific research is in a crisis due to inadequate funding
Cosmetic procedures used to be the preserve of middle-aged women and often involved surgery. Today they are increasingly sought by girls who want the faces of their favorite social-media influencer, and by a growing number of men wishing for fewer wrinkles, fuller lips and sharper jawlines. Globally, more than 14m nonsurgical procedures were conducted last year, up from fewer than 13m two years earlier.
Research and Markets, a firm of analysts, reckons that the global sales of non-invasive aesthetic treatments, currently around $60bn, could more than triple by 2030. A large part of that growth will come from injectables. These include Botox and other substances that freeze facial muscles, as well as dermal fillers which plump softer tissue. Demand has been fueled by the proliferation of selfies and high-resolution video-calls. Snapchat and Instagram filters give users a glimpse of what they could look like with a filler-generated “liquid facelift”. The contrast with what they see on unadorned Zoom can be stark.
In America 2.4m injectable procedures were carried out last year, roughly one for every 100 American adults. About 700,000 such treatments were performed on Germans, not renowned for an obsession with looks. Brazilians, who are famously beauty-obsessed but much poorer, subjected themselves to around 500,000. Demand for “prejuvenation” work is especially strong in Asia, where younger patients want to pre-empt a craggy face before any lines actually appear. Since injectables have to be topped up every few months, they guarantee producers of the substances and clinics that administer them a source of recurring revenue. The younger the customer starts, the better for business.
Some modern dermal fillers are formulated with ingredients such as hyaluronic acid that are typically found in mild skincare products. That is more attractive to potential customers than Botox, which is derived from a toxin that occurs naturally in spoilt sausages. Other new treatments are stopping using foreign substances entirely. Certain cosmetic clinics offer to inject stem cells from a patient's own fat into their face, or platelets from their blood to rejuvenate the skin.
However, the injectables craze, especially among youngsters, worries regulators. Botox is a prescription drug in most places but many dermal fillers are not. “Treatments are often trivialised on social media and people don't understand the full consequences of what can go wrong,” says Tijion Esho, a cosmetic surgeon in Britain. Misplaced injections can lead to abscesses or, in some cases, necrosis. An outcry from doctors and victims of the procedures forced the British government to require a licence for people administering nonsurgical treatments. England has already banned them for under-18s.
31. What is driving young girls to undergo cosmetic procedures?
[A] The ambition to enter the preserve of middle-aged women.
[B] The desire to look like the Internet celebrities they adore.
[C] The need to be attractive to men they work with.
[D] The slump in nonsurgical cosmetic procedure prices.
32. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that __________.
[A] surgical cosmetic procedures are fully replaced by non-invasive procedures
[B] the injectable fillers make the patients have no worry about medical risks
[C] video-calls and the selfie culture are behind the injectable cosmetic craze
[D] the medical companies devoted a great deal of effort in product promotion
33. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that the younger patients __________.
[A] are more dissatisfied with their appearance than expected
[B] will be preferred when carrying out injectable procedures
[C] have a deep understanding of the cosmetic products
[D] have more disposable income to spend on cosmetic procedures
34. It is implied in Paragraph 4 that some modern dermal fillers __________.
[A] will constitute a big challenge for Botox in the future
[B] have gained global dominance with their new ingredients
[C] are considered a safe treatment without any side effects
[D] achieve a better anti-aging outcome than Botox does
35. Which of the following will be the best title for the text?
[A] The popularity of injectables among young people
[B] The impact of social media on people's mental health
[C] The booming of Botox and other injectable cosmetics
[D] Government measures for regulating the beauty industry
The world's climate depends on a global aquatic “conveyor belt” system that snakes around the oceans, taking heat from some places and redistributing it elsewhere. It is this system that keeps Europe relatively warm despite its northern latitudes, underpins major fisheries and drives key weather patterns across continents. Global warming may be endangering this crucial circulation.
Scientists are accumulating evidence that climate change is disrupting a major section of the conveyor belt, running from the tropics up to the North Atlantic and back south, slowing this piece of the system to its weakest pace in more than 1,000 years, according to a study published in the journal Nature Geoscience . A group of scientists from Britain, Germany and Ireland studying the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation—that is, the circulation pattern that warms the North Atlantic—have sought to compare how it is behaving now with its recent past. Some clues present a consistent picture: The circulation has been weakened in a way that is unprecedented in the past 1,000 years, said Niamh Cahill, a statistician from Ireland's Maynooth University.
The scientists believe the ultimate cause is global warming. The circulation occurs because warm tropical water cools and becomes saltier as it travels north, which makes it denser. This dense water eventually sinks to the bottom of the ocean, then travels south, where it is once again heated in another part of the cycle. Higher rainfall, lower amounts of sea ice and ice melting on the Greenland ice sheet are adding far more fresh water than usual to the system, making the water up north less salty and, thus, less dense and less prone to sink, undermining the circulation. This may account for a giant stretch of unusually cold water that has stubbornly persisted near Greenland and for unusually high water temperatures on the U.S. East Coast. The study's authors warn that climate change may further destabilize the Atlantic circulation over coming decades. The consequences are hard to predict with precision, in part because warming air might offset some of the cooling associated with slower circulation.
Climate change is not some isolated change in the air temperature. It encompasses sea-level rise, heavy storms, heat waves, droughts, wildfires, acidifying oceans and disruptions in the sensitive planetary rhythms on which human society developed. Scientists know some things for sure—the planet will warm because of greenhouse gas emissions, with a variety of negative results. But they have not catalogued all the consequences—the longer we humans fail to adjust our behavior, the worse the consequences are likely to be.
36. According to Paragraph 1, the “conveyor belt” system __________.
[A] plays a critical role in stabilizing the global climate
[B] destroys the habitat of snakes in the oceans
[C] provides a rich diversity of fish for the fisheries
[D] poses a major threat to the world's weather
37. The study from the Nature Geoscience proves that __________.
[A] it is better for the circulation to run quicker
[B] experts have found ways to stop human destruction
[C] the circulation starts from North Atlantic to south
[D] climate change is the main cause of slowing the circulation
38. The reason accounting for the forming of the circulation is that __________.
[A] it is driven by the wind on the ocean's surface
[B] the water is heated in the global conveyer belt
[C] there exists variance in water temperature and salt density
[D] the water from tropical areas becomes saltier
39. Climate change destroys the circulation directly arising from __________.
[A] higher rainfall
[B] less dense water
[C] lower amounts of sea ice
[D] ice melting on the Greenland
40. The author holds in the last paragraph that climate change more probably results from __________.
[A] sea level rise
[B] human activities
[C] temperature change
[D] greenhouse gas emission
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
[A] Take actions to overcome failure
[B] Not one, but all
[C] Remember soil is not dead matter
[D] Soil generates food
[E] Solving soil problem helps cope with other problems
[F] Pay attention to other environmental issues
[G] Insufficient nutrient value
Can soil ever turn extinct? Yes, it can. If you remove organic content (in the form of plant litter and animal waste) from soil, it turns into sand. This is called desertification. Conversely, if you add organic content to sand, it becomes soil. Soil extinction may be a relatively new term, but the process it describes has been unfolding over the past 100 to 150 years because of unsustainable agricultural practices. An acre of soil in the world is turning into desert every second. This is a statistic with grave consequences for all life on this planet.
(41)_____________________________
The problem is that we treat soil as a mere resource, an inert substance into which we can pump chemicals. This is an unfortunate consequence of the fragmentation of human consciousness. We forget that soil is the largest living system we know. A teaspoon of fertile soil can contain, in some cases, more than 9 billion organisms. Nearly 60% of our body is microorganisms; less than half is from our parental genetics.
(42)_____________________________
Ninety-five percent of our food comes from soil. But studies show a tragic decline in the nutrient value of vegetables worldwide. Americans are potassium-deficient, 88% are deficient in vitamin E, 67% in vitamin K, 52% in magnesium, 43% in vitamin A, and 39% in vitamin C, according to a study by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Acute soil degradation contributes to lower crop yields—and even if you eat enough, your food may be short of nourishment. Research shows that some of the foods we grow are less nutrient-dense than they once were. How much longer before we awaken to the urgency of the problem?
(43)_____________________________
People often ask, “But what about other environmental issues?” They are certainly important, but soil conditions are plummeting so rapidly that the problem could spiral out of control. Addressing soil could alleviate many other ecological issues, helping to reverse climate change and water scarcity. If the ozone-layer problem has been addressed with some success, it is because it was pursued with a single-point agenda. The same needs to happen with soil.
(44)_____________________________
I have embarked on a crazy motorcycle journey across 27 countries, covering 30,000 km in 100 days, to meet with government leaders, influencers, and the general public; raise awareness; and recommend policy changes that ensure a minimum of 3% to 6% organic content in soil. Individual efforts are commendable, but collective action is clearly the need of the hour.
(45)_____________________________
We have not lost the fight yet. But we're standing on the brink. If we act now, we can initiate the necessary policy changes and make a vital turnaround in soil health in the next decade. This is a real challenge. Let's be the generation that acted responsibly, that rescued the planet from its wanton and tragic project of self-destruction.
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
All writing has to be ‘what you know’; it can reasonably be argued that you can't write what you don't know. (46) Whatever we invent is based on something known to us—our own experience, to which we apply our imagination. And in those cases where we have to increase the stock of what we know—through research—our writing reflects our newly acquired knowledge.
We are already applying imagination to memory when we recall an event from the past. (47) If you were to set yourself the ten-minute task of writing down a memory from your childhood and were then asked whether, in order to fill in any gaps in your memory, you had made anything up, you would be very likely to say that you had. In fact, you had been obliged to, because otherwise the narrative would have had distracting gaps or uncertainties in it. However, you would probably maintain that the account was essentially true.
The truth of an event may not, in any case, be easy to establish. You will probably recognise this experience: you are among old friends or family members when one of them starts to recall an event at which others were present. (48) Members of the group will disagree on the detail—perhaps even on bigger issues—because the fact is that each individual has their own version of what happened. This is partly because they were experiencing it from their own unique perspective and partly because memory doesn't unfold as a continuous spool of events and experiences. (49) We don't preserve a frame-by-frame record of the past; what we retain is more like snaps in an album, and we have not all taken the same snaps; we have remembered what seemed to affect us as individuals most deeply at the time. We can't recall every incident which happened between the snaps, so we imaginatively reconstruct what must have happened between them. It is natural for humans to make connections in this way, to create narratives that suggest causes and effects. (50) This is why dreams are at once so fascinating and so frustrating—they seem to be no respecters of cause and effect or of flawless narrative: we can step out of a restaurant and be on a ship, or get out of a corridor and be in a forest. It's not a frame-by-frame narrative; connections seem to be missing. And our desire for connections—our desire to make sense—drives our automatic habit of filling in the gaps. When we remember, we are to a large extent reconstructing the past.
51. Directions:
Suppose the Student Union held a meeting about the upcoming art festival last week. You were assigned to write the minutes of the meeting. In your minutes, you should record the basic information, main content of the meeting and other relevant information.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should
1) describe the picture briefly,
2) interpret the implied meaning, and
3) give your comments.
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
1. A 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. B 9. B 10. D 11. C 12. A 13. D 14. D 15. C 16. B 17. A 18. C 19. D 20. B
Part A （40 points）
21. D 22. C 23. D 24. A 25. A 26. D 27. B 28. A 29. A 30. C 31. B 32. C 33. B 34. A 35. C 36. A 37. D 38. C 39. B 40. B
Part B （10 points）
41. C 42. G 43. E 44. B 45. A
Part C （10 points）
46. 无论我们创作什么，都是基于我们所了解的事物，即我们自身的经验，并将想象力应用其中。
47. 如果你给自己设定十分钟的任务，写下一段童年回忆，然后有人问你，你是否进行了编造以弥补缺失的记忆，你的答案很可能是肯定的。
48. 一群人中会有人在细节上产生分歧（这种分歧甚至也许会围绕更大的议题），因为实际上，每个人对发生的事情都有自己的说法。
49. 我们不会一帧一帧地留存对往事的记忆；我们所保留下来的更像是相册中的快照，而且我们拍摄的快照并非完全相同；我们记得的是当时似乎对我们个人影响最深的事情。
50. 这就是为什么梦境既令人着迷，又令人沮丧——它们似乎不管因果关系，也没有毫无破绽的叙事：我们可以走出餐厅，来到船上，或者离开走廊，来到一片森林。
（见解析册）