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问：主旨题有哪几类题型？
答： 主旨题的题型通常有三类：第一类是Topic/Title型，第二类是Main Idea型，第三类是Purpose型。主旨题的提问形式如下（但不局限于以下提问形式，要依据具体情况进行判断）：
What is the best title for the passage?
Which of the following would be the best title for this text?
The best title for this passage might be ______.
What is mainly discussed in the text?
The fourth paragraph mainly tells us ______.
What's the main idea of the third paragraph?
The author's main purpose in writing the passage is ______.
What is the author's main purpose in this passage?
问：主旨题有哪几种解题方法？
答： 主旨题有段落主旨题和全文主旨题两大类，常见的解题方法有三种：1. 转折法；2. 首末法；3. 首末法+转折法。下面我们就通过历年真题来进一步阐述主旨题的解题方法。
★温馨提示： 全文主旨题通常应放在文章的最后做，因为在解答本文其他题目的过程中我们可以对文章有更深入的了解，这样到最后做主旨题时也更有把握。
问：什么是转折法？
答： 转折法是指在文章的首段、第二段开头或末段出现but、however、although、while、in fact等表示转折意义的标志词时，转折词后面的内容往往就是解题的关键。
★温馨提示： 除了主旨题可以运用转折法外，细节题、词汇题、推断题等都可以运用转折法。另外，转折标志词不管出现在文章的哪个地方，其后面的信息都非常重要，往往就是答案所在。
真题再现一
How do you feel about nature? After spending hours indoors, do you feel better when you visit your local park? Most people think that nature is good for our bodies and brains. However, humans are spending more time inside and less time outside. For example, the number of visitors to Canada's national parks is getting lower every year. And in countries such as the USA, only 10% of teenagers spend time outside every day. Many doctors feel that this is a problem in the twenty-first century. [江西卷]
1. What does Paragraph 1 mainly talk about?
A. Teenagers' problem in the 21st century.
B. How much time we spend outdoors.
C. Visiting your local park.
D. Feeling about nature.
本题为段落主旨题。对比四个选项发现，A选项讲青少年问题，B选项讲我们花在户外的时间，C选项讲去当地公园参观，D选项讲我们对大自然的感觉。从第一段的However, humans are spending more time inside and less time outside可知，本文主要讲述人们花在户外的时间多少的问题。所以答案为 ______。
真题再现二
There are many ways to help improve your health like eating healthy food, taking exercise and getting medical help. But the easiest and cheapest way to improve your health is just to sleep eight hours or more every night. The general sleeping rule is that the younger you are, the longer sleep you need. But regardless of ( 不管 ) age, some people need to sleep more while for some a few hours is enough.
Part of the reasons may be cultural. In the American culture, people put a higher value on work than on sleep. In fact, people who sleep a lot are usually seen as “lazy”. Also, you can sometimes hear some people say proudly that they don't have much time to sleep, and they only sleep four or five hours a night. It seems that the less you sleep, the more work you'll do.
How do we teach these people to learn the value of sleep? Perhaps they may listen to the advice of Dr. James Maas, an expert （ 专家 ） in sleep. He says, “Sleep is like a credit （ 信用 ） card. When you sleep less, you are only borrowing time. You always have to pay it back. The more hours you don't sleep, the more hours you should sleep to ‘pay back' the hours on your ‘sleep credit card’.”
For those who value work more than sleep, they should listen to what a famous person once said, “Don't think you will be doing less work because you sleep during the night. That is a foolish （ 愚蠢的 ） idea which is held by people who have no imagination. You will be able to do more.” [天津卷]
2. What is the best title of the passage?
A. The Value of Sleep
B. The Value of Study
C. The Ways of Eating Less
D. The Ways of Making Money
本题为全文主旨题。根据首段的两个but可知，本文可以用“转折法”解题。对比四个选项发现，A选项讲睡眠的价值，B选项讲学习的价值，C选项讲少吃的方法，D选项讲赚钱的方法。从第一段的But the easiest and cheapest way to improve your health is just to sleep eight hours or more every night. The general sleeping rule is that the younger you are, the longer sleep you need. But regardless of age, some people need to sleep more while for some a few hours is enough可知，本文主要讲述睡眠的问题。所以答案为 ______。
问：什么是首末法？
答： 首末法是指文章主旨通常出现在文章的首段或末段，或首末段都提到主旨。这种解题方法通常和文章的结构有密切的关系，常见的结构模式有三种：1. 总分结构；2. 分总结构； 3. 总分总结构。我们在阅读时要注意分析辨别。
真题再现三
Everyone needs help sometimes. People depend on one another. That's why communities have special people ready to lend a helping hand to anyone who needs it.
For example, what would we do without a community fire station? If a home catches on fire, as the Jackson place did last week, it might be burned down and people get hurt…or worse. We're so lucky to have firemen to come to save people and put out the fire, safely. If the fire station hadn't come so fast, the Jacksons might have lost everything.
And what about our local police who protect our families, our homes and valuable things? The police have helped so many families this past year, especially saving people and pets and protecting our houses and other things after the heavy rains.
Think about all the other service workers we have in this community. We have people who collect waste and rubbish and keep our community sanitary. We have road workers who put up and repair traffic signs and fix holes in the streets to protect not just us, but our cars! And where would this community be without the teachers in our school and the doctors, and nurses in our community hospitals?
Think again about what we eat every day; think again about what we wear every day. We cannot produce them, but we use them all the time. We get a lot from all these tireless workers who keep our community running. We need these people in the community. We depend on each other. Let's support each other and help each other. Only in this way can we make our community a better place. [河北卷]
3. What is the best title for the passage?
A. Policemen Save People's Lives
B. People Depend on Each Other
C. Service Workers Do Important Jobs
D. Workers Keep Community Running
本文是典型的“总—分—总”模式文章，我们可以运用“首末法”来解题，文章首末段是重点。本文首段主要讲述人们需要互相帮助和互相依靠，这就是为什么社区有一群人在他人需要帮助时伸出援手。本文首尾呼应，再一次强调了相互帮助的重要性，所以本题答案为______。
不少文章可以综合运用“首末法+转折法”，从两个角度综合来判断文章主旨。
真题再现四
From tiny seeds ( 种子 ), great discoveries grow. A mini-garden carried on China's Chang'e 4 moon lander recently became home to the first plant to grow on another world.
This is yet another success for Chang'e 4. On January 2, the probe （ 探测器 ） became the first lander to touch down on the far side of the moon. This is the unknown face of the moon that is always looking away from us, so we never see it from down here on the earth. Although it is often regarded as the dark side of the moon, the far side actually gets as much sunshine as the near side. For example, when all we can see is a silver of a new moon, the far side of the moon is in full sunlight.
Part of Chang'e 4’s mission （ 使命 ） is to see how a moon base could be built for humans, including exploring （ 探索 ） whether humans could grow food and other plant products there. Chang'e 4 carried a mini﹣garden with air, water and soil with seeds planted in it. When plants shoot on the earth, their stems grow away from the gravity (the force that keeps your feet on the ground), and so they always shoot upwards. The moon's gravity is a sixth as strong as the earth's, so Chang'e 4’s experiment was a test: would the earth plants know which way was up on the moon? Four days after landing, a tiny cotton shoot showed that they do.
Night has now fallen on the far side of the moon; sunlight will not return until the start of February. As a result, the cotton shoots died. Besides the darkness, the plants can't stand the cold (it can drop to ﹣170 。 C on the moon at night). However, the experiment is a success, since it has proved that it is possible for plants to grow in space. [福建卷]
4. The text is mainly about ______．
A. another success for Chang'e 4
B. Chang'e 4 moon lander
C. tiny seeds in the soil
D. the steps of an experiment
本文可以用“首末法+转折法”解题，本文首段讲述了由嫦娥四号登月探测器携带的迷你小花园成为在另一个世界生长的植物的家。末段通过However, the experiment is a success, since it has proved that it is possible for plants to grow in space再一次首末呼应，通过实验证明了植物在外太空生长是可能的。所以本题答案为 ______。
KEY
1. B 2. A 3. B 4. A
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。本章节重点练习主旨题。
During their busy lives, people do not pay much attention to the expiry dates ( 有效期 ) on the food in their fridges. As a result, a lot of food is forgotten about and wasted. However, according to a recent research, being aware of ( 意识到 ) what you throw away can help you waste less.
The researchers measured ( 计量 ) food waste from 154 families across the UK. Half of these families in the research were asked to list the fruits and vegetables they had bought and their expiry dates. The families stuck the list on the fridge door and received a text message every day telling them to check it . The other half did not have to make a list and did not receive text messages. Over a six-week period, all the families were asked to measure their food waste at the end of each week.
The researchers were surprised to find that making lists and getting texts made little difference to how much food was wasted. However, each family in the research wasted less food—about 0.1 kilo a week.
The researchers carried on the research for six months, and found that all the families continued to waste less food. This shows that just measuring food waste encourages people to pay closer attention to it and throw less away.
1. What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 2 refer to ( 指的是 )?
A. The research.
B. The list.
C. The door.
D. The message.
2. What is introduced in paragraph 3 about the six-week research?
A. Its purpose.
B. Its method.
C. Its steps.
D. Its results.
3. Which of the following is the best title ( 标题 ) for the text?
A. Measure Food Waste to Stop It
B. Pay Attention to What You Buy
C. Check the Food Before Storing It
D. Give Thought to Your Busy Life
Have you ever felt uncomfortable with your stomach when you're nervous or excited? This is because there is a close connection between your gut ( 消化道 ) and your brain. You have around 200 types of microbes ( 细菌 ) in your gut. Healthy microbes help your body fight illnesses and help your brain deal with stress. “So, take care of your gut,” a scientist says. ★ 690
A new study aimed at 12,489 people has suggested that the key to reducing ( 减少 ) anger is not letting it out, but doing calming activities such as yoga. These activities could slow the heart rate ( 心率 ). However, scientists also find some ball games and team sports, which are fun or playful, could reduce anger. ★ 569
Showing compassion means you understand others' feelings and treat them with kindness. Scientists have discovered when you show compassion your brain lets out a feel-good chemical ( 化学物质 ), which helps to reduce stress. It is reported that when other people see you showing compassion, they want to do it too. ★ 943
1. In which SECTION of the website can we read the news?
A. PEOPLE.
B. HEALTH.
C. FOOD.
D. SPORTS.
2. The best heading for the first piece of news would be ______.
A. Focus on your brain
B. Problems with your stomach
C. Look after your gut
D. Microbes in your body
3. What activities might reduce anger according to the new study?
①Crying. ② Basketball. ③Cooking. ④Deep breathing.
A. ①②
B. ③④
C. ①③
D. ②④
4. It is believed that showing compassion can ______.
A. develop your brain
B. make people confident
C. spread to others
D. slow your heart rate
5. What do the three pieces of news have in common?
A. They help us make more friends.
B. They show some research results.
C. They are liked by 690 people.
D. They teach us how to face stress.
If you grew up in an unusual family and felt limited by heavy thoughts, how would you change your life story? In the book Educated , the US writer Tara Westover shows us how she deals with hard times.
The book talks about Westover's life. Her father had a junkyard ( 废品场 ) in Idaho, US. It's a very small mountain village. Tara and her brothers and sisters worked every day. Before she turned 17, she had never traveled outside. None of the kids in her family had ever been to a school or a hospital. As she got older, she felt that she needed to get away from this uncomfortable situation. Luckily, Westover's older brother taught her to read. With hard work, Westover went to college on a scholarship, and later got a PhD ( 博士学位 ) in History at Cambridge University.
Education changed her, her life, her way of thinking and even her luck. After reading the book, I come to feel the deepest thanks for my own family, and the education I got. Education allows girls like Westover to fly like birds toward their own goals. It allows us to get a different view, find new experiences, better understand others and explore the wider world. I wish for all of us to be like free and powerful birds, growing and changing through challenges and difficulties.
1. What's the writing purpose of paragraph 1?
A. To attract readers' interest.
B. To collect Westover's opinion.
C. To show how to deal with hard times.
D. To explain how to change one's life story.
2. What can we learn about Westover's life from paragraph 2?
A. Her brother got a PhD in History.
B. She changed her life with hard work.
C. Her life in the village was comfortable.
D. She left the small village in childhood.
3. What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A. Directions of birds' flying.
B. The ways of thinking.
C. Experiences of girls' growing.
D. The power of education.
4. What is the text?
A. A news report.
B. A book review.
C. A science fiction.
D. A reading plan.
The Internet is often used to buy and sell products, pay bills, and communicate with people. But how safe is it when you use the Internet? Our magazine Interactions asked some Internet users about their experiences.
Linda, 29, nurse: I pay all my bills online. One day, I received an email from my bank. It told me that someone was trying to take out money from my account ( 账号 ), so I should email my password ( 密码 ) to the “bank manager”. I felt something was wrong, so I called my bank and asked about the email. The bank said they never sent it. I realised that someone tried to cheat ( 欺骗 ) me of my money. I'll continue paying my bills this way, but I'll be more careful.
Emily, 22, office worker: I was at work, and I sent an email to a friend of mine. I was telling her about my problems with Mark, the manager. A few minutes later, a friend of Mark's came over to my desk. He said, “So you think Mark is too strict?” My face was red. I chose the wrong name on my address list. It was my own fault , so I'll look over my emails more carefully before I click “Send” next time.
Thomas, 21, university student: I love the Internet! I look up lots of information online. I often buy things on the websites—furniture, clothes, CDs, even foods. I have also sold some of my things on the Internet. I only use the websites I trust and I've never had a safety problem.
1. Where is the passage taken from?
A. A diary.
B. A novel.
C. A magazine.
D. A history book.
2. Linda probably got the email from a person who ______.
A. refused to lend money to her
B. asked about her experiences
C. sold things to her on the websites
D. tried to cheat her of her money
3. The word “fault” in Paragraph 3 means “______”.
A. project
B. mistake
C. advantage
D. plan
4. Who shared enjoyable experiences according to the passage?
A. Linda.
B. Emily.
C. Mark.
D. Thomas.
5. What is the best title of the passage?
A. The Internet: How Safe Is It?
B. The Bank: How Useful Is It?
C. The Website: How Cheap Is It?
D. The Magazine: How Amazing Is It?
本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一项关于减少食物浪费的研究。
1. 解析： 指代词汇题。指代题的解题原则是“就近原则，往回寻找”，根据并列结构The families stuck the list on the fridge door and received a text message every day telling them to check it可知，这些家庭把食物清单贴在冰箱门上，并且被要求每天检查。故此处it指代上文中提到的“清单”，故选B。
2. 解析： 段落主旨题。本题可用同义重现词法解答。通读第三段首句中The researchers were surprised to find that中的find一词可知，本段主要介绍了研究的结果，故选D。
3. 解析： 主旨大意题。本题可用首末呼应法和转折法解题。根据文章首段转折句However, according to a recent research, being aware of what you throw away can help you waste less和末段结论句This shows that just measuring food waste encourages people to pay closer attention to it and throw less away可知，文章介绍了一项关于食物浪费的研究，并得出结论——只要监测食物的浪费情况就可以减少食物浪费，故文章最佳标题是Measure Food Waste to Stop It，故选A。
本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了三项研究结果与健康的关系。
1. 解析： 文章来源题。根据三则新闻内容可知，这篇文章分别谈论了胃、消化道、心率、大脑等身体器官在人们感到紧张、兴奋、愤怒和同情时各自的反应和表现，很显然这些都与健康相关，故选B。
2. 解析： 主旨大意题。根据stomach、gut以及末句信息take care of your gut可知，本段主要介绍消化道与健康的关系，故选C。
3. 解析： 细节理解题。本题可用转折法解答。根据the key to reducing anger is not letting it out, but doing calming activities such as yoga和However, scientists also find some ball games and team sports, which are fun or playful, could reduce anger可知，做一些诸如瑜珈等安静的活动，或是参加球类运动和团队运动可以减少愤怒，故选D。
4. 解析： 细节理解题。根据It is reported that when other people see you showing compassion, they want to do it too可知，当别人看到你表现出同情时，他们也想这样做，所以同情心可以感染他人，故选C。
5. 解析： 主旨大意题。三则news分别介绍了三项研究结果，故选B。
本文主要介绍了美国作家Tara Westover在《你当像鸟飞往你的山》一书中讲述了她是如何应对困难的，并介绍了作者读完这本书之后的感想。
1. 解析： 主旨推断题。根据第一段内容可知，本段的目的就是为了引出文章话题，吸引读者的兴趣，故选A。
2. 解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段的最后一句With hard work, Westover went to college on a scholarship, and later got a PhD in History at Cambridge University可知，Westover通过努力学习考上了大学并获得了奖学金，后来在剑桥大学获得了历史博士学位，因此她通过努力改变了自己的生活，故选B。
3. 解析： 主旨大意题。根据最后一段的首句，即论点句Education changed her, her life, her way of thinking and even her luck以及下文的描述可知，最后一段主要介绍了教育的力量，故选D。
4. 解析： 推理判断题。本文首段就引出了 Educated 这本书籍，后文主要介绍了美国作家Tara Westover在她的书中讲述了她是如何应对困难的，并介绍了作者读完这本书之后的感想，因此本文是一篇书评。故选B。
本文主要就互联网安全，介绍了三位互联网用户的经历。
1. 解析： 文章来源题。根据首段末句Our magazine Interactions asked some Internet users about their experiences可知，本文来自杂志，故选C。
2. 解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段末句I realised that someone tried to cheat me of my money可知，Linda可能是从一个想骗她钱的人那里收到这封邮件的，故选D。
3. 解析： 词义推断题。根据划线词的上一句I chose the wrong name on my address list可知，我把通讯录上的名字选错了，因此fault表示“错误”，故选B。
4. 解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段I love the Internet!...I only use the websites I trust and I've never had a safety problem可知，Thomas有愉快的互联网经历，故选D。
5. 解析： 主旨大意题。本题可用转折法。根据文章首段问句But how safe is it when you use the Internet?以及下文介绍的三位互联网用户的经历可知，本文主要讲述互联网的安全问题，故选A。