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语态是指主语与谓语间的关系。英语上的语态分主动语态与被动语态两种：当主语是谓语动作的执行者时，动词用主动语态形式；当主语是谓语动作的承受者时，动词则用被动语态形式。
大量使用被动句式是英语的显著特点之一。被动语态的构成形式是：“系动词be + 动词的过去分词”，其后常带上by引导的介宾短语来说明该动作的执行者。be后面的动词必须是及物动词或动词短语，同时要注意助动词be在人称、数、时态上的变化。在高考中经常结合时态、主谓一致等其他考点考查被动语态。
采用被动语态结构的原因主要有以下几个方面：
（1）只知道动作的承受者，不知道动作的执行者。例如： An apple was passed up to the child. 把一个苹果传给了那个孩子。
（2）没有必要指出动作的执行者。例如： This problem must be settled at once. 这个问题必须马上解决。
（3）有必要突出或强调动作的承受者。例如： This kind of refrigerator has been sold out. 这种型号的电冰箱已经卖完。
（4）由于使用习惯。例如： He was born in 1960. 他出生于1960年。
下表介绍了高考中八大重点时态下被动语态的具体形式：
语法考点运用实例·典型单选题>>
【例1】 All visitors to this village______with kindness.
A. treat B. are treated C. are treating D. had been treated
【答案】 B
【解析】 treat与visitors之间是动宾关系，下划线处应采用被动语态，考生可以先排除选项A、C；因为题干中没有明确的过去时间点，不宜采用过去完成时，考生可以进一步排除选项D，确定B为最佳选项。
【例2】 —Hi, Terry, can I use your computer for a while this afternoon?
—Sorry.______.
A. It's repaired B. It has been repaired C. It's being repaired D. It had been repaired
【答案】 C
【解析】 根据题意可知电脑“被修理”这个动作应该是正在进行中，因此应采用被动语态形式的现在进行时。
主动句转换成被动句，需要区分不同的情况。
基本方法是：首先将主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语，再将主动句的谓语动词变为被动语态形式，最后再将主动句中的主语用介词by引出，置于被动句句末（若不需指出动作执行者，则可省略）。例如：
The police have arrested these three men. 警方逮捕了这三人。
→These three men have been arrested (by the police). 这三人已被警方逮捕。
在believe、consider、expect、fear、feel、know、report、say、suppose、think、understand等动词后面有that引导的宾语从句时，主动句变被动句有如下两种方法：
（1）It（形式主语）+ 原句谓语动词的被动式 + 原句中的宾语从句。例如：
They say that Henry eats 1,000 oranges a day. 他们说亨利一天吃1000个橙子。
→It is said that Henry eats 1,000 oranges a day. 据说亨利一天吃1000个橙子。
（2）原句中宾语从句的主语 + 原句谓语动词的被动式 + 原句宾语从句中谓语动词的不定式。例如：
They say that Henry eats 1,000 oranges a day. 他们说亨利一天吃1000个橙子。
→Henry is said to eat 1,000 oranges a day. 据说亨利一天吃1000个橙子。
第一种方法是将原句中的间接宾语（通常指人）转化成主语，原句中的直接宾语仍作宾语。例如：
I gave him a book. 我给了他一本书。
→ He was given a book. 有人给了他一本书。
第二种方法是将原句中的直接宾语（通常指物）转化成主语，原句中的间接宾语仍作宾语，并在该间接宾语前加上适当的介词。例如：
I gave him a book. 我给了他一本书。
→A book was given to him by me. 一本书被我给了他。
注意：
（1）主动句的直接宾语为从句时，通常采用第一种方法。例如：
They told me that everything had been ready. 他们告诉我一切都准备好了。
I was told that everything had been ready. 我被告知，一切都准备好了。
（2）主动句为“主语 + 谓语动词 + 间接宾语 + 介词 + 直接宾语”（例如convince of、apply with、rob of、congratulate on、remind of 等对应的主动句）的结构时，必须采用第一种方法。例如：
He mistook me for my sister. 他把我误认为我的姐姐（妹妹）了。
→I was mistaken for my sister. 我被误认为我的姐姐（妹妹）了。
例如： Everybody called him Little John. 大家都叫他小约翰。
→He was called Little John by everybody. 他被大家称作小约翰。
注意：在主动句中，若谓语动词为make、let等使役动词或see、hear、watch等感官动词，并且后面的宾补为不带to的不定式时，在变为被动句后要加上不定式符号to（这一用法将在专门分析“不定式”的第九章中具体介绍）。
高考中主动形式表示被动意义的情况主要包括以下三个方面：
（1）在有些常见的及物动词（例如sell、wash、write、wear、open、shut、lock、close、start、begin、read等）被用作不及物动词，表示主语的内在特征、性质或状态（常与easily、quickly、well等副词连用），而不强调动作本身时，习惯上用主动形式表示被动的含义。例如：
用英语表达“这扇门容易锁上”，应该说“The door locks easily.”，而不宜说“The door is easily locked.”。又如： The pen writes well. 这笔很好写。// The table can ' t move. 这桌子移不动。// His novel doesn ' t sell. 他的小说卖不出去。// The article reads smoothly. 这篇文章读起来很流畅。
（2）在形容词worth和动词need、want、require等后面的动名词必须用主动语态形式表被动的含义。例如： The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。// Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。
注意：动词need、want、require等之后的动名词可以被改为被动语态形式的动词不定式，两者所表达的实际内容没有差别。例如：
The house needs repairing.
=The house needs to be repaired. 这房子需要修理。
（3）某些系动词（例如feel、smell、sound、taste、prove等）也往往以主动语态形式表示被动的意义。例如： Good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。// The flower smells sweet. 这花闻起来很香。 // As time went on, Einstein ' s theory proved to be correct. 随着时间的推移，爱因斯坦的相对论被证明是正确的。
注意：上述动词不被用作系动词时，则通常不能以主动语态的形式表示被动的含义。例如： His heart was felt still beating. 他感觉心脏仍在跳动。// Pepper can be tasted in the soap. 汤里有胡椒粉的味道。
本章补充强化训练题>>
1. Mary realized she______.
A. was playing a joke about B. was making fun C. was being made fun of D. was made fun
2. The battle lasted for a few hours and at last the enemy______.
A. was defeated B. were beat C. were won D. defeated
3. We're all looking forward______.
A. to be written to B. to write C. to being written to D. to writing
4. The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets______.
A. was booked B. had been booked C. were booked D. have been booked
5. The window is believed______by Jack.
A. broken B. to be broken C. to break D. to have been broken
6. —You could have asked Mr. Richards for help. He is kind-hearted.
—Yes. A whole day______.
A. was wasted B. had wasted C. will waste D. would be wasted
7. The sick child______good care of.
A. has had to take B. has to be taken C. has to take D. will have to take
8. We______not to go that way because the bridge______.
A. told; was repairing B. were told; was being repaired C. had told; was repaired D. were told; was going to repair
9. I______ten minutes to decide whether I should take the offer.
A. gave B. had given C. was giving D. was given
10. The notice______from hand to hand until all of us______it.
A. was passed; had read B. passed; had read C. was passed; read D. passed; read
11. I should very much like to have gone to that party of theirs, but______.
A. I'm not invited B. I have not been invited C. I was not invited D. I had not been invited
12. Growing vegetables needs______.
A. constant water B. constant watering C. constantly water D. constantly watering
本章补充强化训练题参考答案>>
1. C 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. A 7. B 8. B 9. D 10. A 11. C 12. B