参考文献

白凯（2005）：《长江下游地区的地租、赋税与农民的反抗斗争：1840—1950》，林枫译，上海：上海书店出版社。

陈春声（1984）：《清代乾隆年间广东的米价和米粮贸易》，中山大学硕士学位论文。

发展研究所（国务院农村发展研究中心）（1985）：《国民经济新成长阶段和农村发展》，无出版处。

黎澍（1956）：《关于中国资本主义萌芽问题的考察》，载《历史研究》第4期，第1—25页。

李伯重（1984）：《明清时期江南水稻生产集约程度的提高——明清江南农业经济发展特点探讨之一》，载《中国农史》第1期，第24—37页。

李伯重（1985a）：《“桑争稻田”与明清江南农业生产集约程度的提高——明清江南农业经济发展特点探讨之二》，载《中国农史》第1期，第1—11页。

李伯重（1985b）：《明清江南农业资源的合理利用——明清江南农业经济发展特点探讨之三》，载《农业考古》第2期，第150—163页。

李文治编（1957）：《中国近代农业史资料（1840—1911）》，上海：生活·读书·新知三联书店。

李文治、魏金玉、经君健（1983）：《明清时期的农业资本主义萌芽问题》，北京：中国社会科学出版社。

毛泽东（1972[1927]）：《湖南农民运动考察报告》，载《毛泽东集》第1卷，东京：北望社，第207—249页。

毛泽东（1972[1939]）：《中国革命和中国共产党》，载《毛泽东集》第3卷，东京：北望社，第97—136页。

王业键（1989）：《十八世纪长江三角洲的食品供应和粮价》，载《第二次中国经济史讨论会论文集》（台北）第2卷。

吴承明（1984）：《我国半殖民地半封建国内市场》，载《历史研究》第2期，第110—121页。

吴承明（1985）：《中国资本主义的萌芽》，载《中国资本主义发展史》第1卷，北京：人民出版社。

吴承明编（1990）：《旧民主主义革命时期的中国资本主义》，北京：人民出版社。

徐新吾（1981）：《鸦片战争前中国棉纺织手工业的商品生产与资本主义萌芽问题》，南京：江苏人民出版社。

徐新吾（1990）：《中国自然经济的分解》，载吴承明编《旧民主主义革命时期的中国资本主义》，第258—332页。

杨国桢（1988）：《明清土地契约文书研究》，北京：人民出版社。

严中平等编（1955）：《中国近代经济史统计资料选辑》，北京：科学出版社。

章有义编（1957）：《中国近代农业史资料》第2、3辑：1912—1927，1927—1937，上海：生活·读书·新知三联书店。

《中国农业年鉴（1989）》，北京：中国农业出版社。

《中国统计年鉴（1990）》，北京：中国统计出版社。

Alford, William (1984).“Of Arsenic and Old Laws: Looking Anew at Criminal Justice in Late Imperial China, ” California Law Review , 72.6 (Dec.): 1180-1256.

Alford, William (1986).“The Inscrutable Occidental: Implications of Roberto Unger̓s Uses and Abuses of the Chinese Past, ” Texas Law Review , 64: 915-972.

Bernhardt, Kathryn (1992) . Rents , Taxes , and Peasant Resistance : The Lower Yangzi Region , 1840-1950 . Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.

Bodde, Derk and Clarence Morris (1967) . Law in Imperial China : Exemplified by 190 Ch ̓ ing Dynasty Cases . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Boserup, Ester (1965) . The Conditions of Agricultural Growth : The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure . Chicago: Aldine.

Brandt, Loren (1989) . Commercialization and Agricultural Development : Central and Eastern China , 1870-1937 . New York: Cambridge University Press.

Brook, Timothy (1990).“Family Continuity and Cultural Hegemony: The Gentry of Ningbo, 1368-1911, ”in Esherick and Rankin (1990), pp. 27-50.

Buxbaum, D. (1967).“Some Aspects of Civil Procedure and Practice at the Trial Level in Tanshui and Hsinchu from 1789 to 1895, ” Journal of Asian Studies , 30.2 (Feb.): 255-279.

Chen, Yung-fa (1986) . Making Revolution : The Communist Movement in Eastern and Central China , 1937-1945 . Berkeley: University of California Press.

Cheng, Hong (1990).“The Rural Commodities Market in the Yangzi Delta, 1920-1940: A Social and Economic Analysis, ”Ph. D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.

Chuan, Han-sheng and Richard A. Kraus (1975) . Mid-Ch ̓ ing Rice Markets and Trade : An Essay in Price History . Cambridge, Mass.: East Asian Research Center, Harvard University Press.

Ch̓ü, T̓ung-tsu (1961) . Law and Society in Traditional China . Paris: Mouton.

Cohen, Paul A. (1984) . Discovering History in China : American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past . New York: Columbia University Press.

Conner, Alison Wayne (1979).“The Law of Evidence during the Ch̓ing Dynasty, ”Ph. D. dissertation, Cornell University.

Crook, David and Isabel Crook (1959) . Revolution in a Chinese Village : Ten Mile Inn . London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Demberger, R. (1975).“The Role of the Foreigner in China̓s Economic Development, 1840-1949, ”in Dwight Perkins (ed.), China ̓ s Modern Economy in Historical Perspective , pp. 19-47. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.

Elvin, Mark (1973) . The Pattern of the Chinese Past . Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.

Esherick, Joseph W. (1987) . The Origins of the Boxer Uprising . Berkeley: University of California Press.

Fairbank, John K. (1983). The Cambridge History of China , vol. 12 : Republican China , 1912-1949 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Fairbank, John K. (1958) . The United States and China : Fourth Edition , Revised and Enlarged . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Fairbank, John K., Edwin O. Reischauer, and Albert M. Craig (1965) . East Asia : The Modern Transformation . Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Faure, David (1989) . The Rural Economy of Pre-Liberation China : Trade Expansion and Peasant Livelihood in Jiangsu and Guangdong . Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.

Fei, Hsiao-tung (1939) . Peasant Life in China : A Field Study of Country Life in the Yangtze Valley . New York: Dutton.

Feuerwerker, Albert (1958) . China ̓ s Early Industrialization : Sheng Hsuan-huai ( 1844-1916 ) and Mandarin Enterprise . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Habermas, Jürgen (1989[1962]) . The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere : An Inquiry into a Categery of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Hinton, William (1966) . Fanshen : A Documentary of Revolution in a Chinese Village . New York: Random House.

Ho, Ping-ti (1959) . Studies in the Population of China , 1368-1953 . Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

Hofheinz, Roy, Jr. (1977) . The Broken Wave : The Chinese Communist Peasant Movement , 1922-1928 . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Hou, Chi-ming (1963).“Economic Dualism: The Case of China, 1840-1937, ” Journal of Economic History , 23.3: 277-297.

Hou, Chi-Ming (1965) . Foreign Investment and Economic Development in China , 1840-1937 . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Huang, Philip C. C. (1985) . The Peasant Economy and Social Change in North China . Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.

Huang, Philip C. C. (1990) . The Peasant Family and Rural Development in the Yangzi Delta , 1350-1988 . Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.

Jefferson, Gary and Thomas G. Rawski (1990).“Urban Employment, Underemployment and Employment Policy in Chinese Industry, ”Paper Presented at the Conference on“Institutional Segmentation, Structural Change and Economic Reform in China”, UCLA, Nov. 17.

Kuhn, Philip A. (1990) . Soulstealers : The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768 . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Lippit, Victor (1974) . Land Reform and Economic Development in China . White Plains, N. Y.: International Arts and Sciences Press.

Lippit, Victor (1987) . The Economic Development of China . Armonk, N. Y.: M. E. Sharpe.

Liu, Ta-chung and Kung-chia Yeh (1965) . The Economy of the Chinese Mainland : National Income and Economic Development , 1933-1959 . Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press.

Marks, Robert Brian (1984) . Rural Revolution in South China : Peasants and the Making of History in Haifeng County , 1570-1930 . Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

Michael, Franz and George Taylor (1956) . The Far East in the Modern World . New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston.

Murphey, Rhoads (1977) . The Outsiders : The Western Experience in India and China . Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press.

Myers, Ramon (1970) . The Chinese Peasant Economy : Agricultural Development in Hopei and Shantung , 1890-1949 . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Myers, R. and T. Metzger (1980).“Sinological Shadows: The State of Modern China Studies in the United States, ” The Washington Quarterly , 3.2: 87-114.

Naquin, Susan and Evelyn S. Rawski (1987) . Chinese Society in the Eighteenth Century . New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.

Nee, V. and Su Suin (1990).“Institutional Change and Economic Growth in China: The View from the Villages, ” Journal of Asian Studies , 49.1 (Feb.): 3-25.

Peck, J. (1969).“The Roots of Rhetoric: The Professional Ideology of America̓s China Watchers, ” Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars , II. 1 (October): 59-69.

Perkins, Dwight (1969) . Agricultural Development in China , 1368-1968 . Chicago: Aldine.

Perkins, Dwight and Shahid Yusuf (1984) . Rural Development in China . Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Perry, Elizabeth J. (1980) . Rebels and Revolutionaries in North China , 1845-1945 . Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.

Rawski Thomas G. (1989) . Economic Growth in Prewar China . Berkeley: University of California Press.

Rowe, William T. (1984) . Hankow : Commerce and Society in a Chinese City , 1796-1889 . Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.

Rowe, William T. (1989) . Hankow : Conflict and Community in a Chinese City , 1796-1895 . Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.

Rowe, William T. (1990).“The Public Sphere in Modern China, ” Modern China , 16.3 (July): 309-329.

Schultz, Theodore W. (1964). Transforming Traditional Agriculture . New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press.

Scott, James C. (1976) . The Moral Economy of the Peasant : Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia . New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.

Selden, Mark (1971) . The Yenan Way in Revolutionary China . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Shue, Vivienne (1988) . The Reach of the State : Sketches of the Chinese Body Politic . Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.

Smith, Adam (1976[1775-1776]) . An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations . 4th ed. 3 vols. London: n. p.

Unger Roberto (1976) . Law in Modern Society : Toward a Criticism of Social Theory . New York: Free Press.

Van Der Sprenkel, Sybille (1977[1962]) . Legal Institutions in Manchu China : A Sociological Analysis . Reprint ed. London: Athlone Press, University of London.

Weber, Max (1954) . Max Weber on Law in Economy and Society . Max Rheinstein (ed.) Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Whyte, Martin (1990).“Urban China: A Civil Society in the Making, ”Paper for the conference on“State and Society in China: The Consequences of Reform 1978-1990”, Claremont Mckenna College , (Feb.): 17-18.

Wright, Mary Clabaugh (1957) . The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism : The Tung-Chih Restoration , 1862-1874 . Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.

[1] 本章原载《近代中国》英文版（ Modern China ）第17卷第3期，1991年7月。是我在完成《华北》和《长江》后的进一步思考，后来引起国内的一些讨论（连载于《史学理论研究》1993年第1、2、3、4期，以及1994年第1、2期）。 73Vg5PIr28lHWApt1sm82pPfRpsWFJrwk8RsjlTcFjJ7jEz+eYjeR2wE9Szqjahk