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本书中,我意在了解在韩国全球化大众音乐的背景下,音乐的想象力如何同民族和族群认同的产生以及聆听音乐的历史交织。我将分析20世纪90年代以来为K-Pop(和韩流)鸣锣开道的韩国流行音乐领域的转型过程,并将其与K-Pop的审美层面和物质条件相联系。在此过程中,我将审视跨国流动、不对称关系以及想象的他者在K-Pop生产和消费中的作用。因此,我将主要关注K-Pop如何被利用并与(跨)民族身份建构的策略相联系,例如,与韩国软实力、跨国生产流通以及移民偶像的跨国流动相关的方面。鉴于有关亚洲流行音乐的学术作品仍旧寥寥无几,本研究旨在扩大西方主导的大众音乐研究的区域范围,并寻求释放和增加(民族)音乐学和文化研究中的新研究领域。本研究未将韩国流行音乐解读为单纯的西方化或美国化信号,而是通过一套综合的民族学、音乐学和文化分析,提供对大众音乐结构和文化全球化动态的更深入的洞察。

以下三个研究问题,互为补充且部分重叠,是本研究的总体指导方针:(1)全球化如何影响韩国大众音乐的转型(自20世纪90年代)?(2)流通的形式(forms of circulation)和形式的流通(circulation of forms)在哪些方面为地方性(locality)创造了条件(参见Appadurai,2010,12)?(3)在韩国的大众音乐背景下,音乐的想象力如何与聆听音乐的历史和民族(以及族群)身份的产生相互交织?

本书包含上下两部。上部重点关注将K-Pop塑造为一种音乐流派并刻画其特定生产模式和审美品质的全球化力量及影响。上部中,第二章简要概括韩国大众音乐从19世纪晚期至20世纪末的历史。这一章追溯了20世纪韩国大众音乐的广泛历史形成,主要是考虑到日美两个殖民国文化的影响,以及作为韩国现代工程各个政治阶段基础的多重跨国流动和驯化过程。第三章将K-Pop描述为一个由话语、视觉和声音参数组成的多文本现象。在讨论七个类别(术语、体系、偶像、歌曲、形式与曲式、声音、视觉)时,每一个类别都被理解为建构性流派原则和全球想象生产中的形成性元素,此章将解答音乐全球化的机制在何处、以何方式被塑造并渗透进K-Pop物质条件和制作模式。

本书下部重点讲述在现有流动的权力不对称背景下,创造K-Pop中“K”的民族化力量。在第四章中,我通过研究韩国民族国家推动K-Pop和一般流行文化的作用,深究K-Pop中民族的一个观念。简单介绍韩流和K-Pop在亚洲的传播后,我将讨论韩国政府自20世纪90年代中期以来的全球化议程、国家民族利益和加强韩国流行文化的战略(涉及文化政策的变化和文化外交及国家品牌的各个方面),及其对媒体和市场发展的影响。亚洲音乐节(Asia Song Festival)就是背靠政府的活动范例,活动组织者在韩国文化产业交流财团的工作阐释了K-Pop被用于民族国家代表和文化交流的方式。在这一章,我将证明K-Pop的“亚洲间”流动与韩国在东亚的地缘文化意义上的民族国家利益紧密交织。从韩国外的亚洲K-Pop消费者的感知角度来看,K-Pop在亚洲的人气表明对韩国和其他亚洲国家之间的文化距离和时间距离的感知发生了实质性转移。该章最后一节将对此进行讨论,并讨论了日本观众对韩国流行音乐的接受度,涉及“及时的共时性”(timely coevalness)(Fabian,1983;Iwabuchi,2002)、后殖民怀旧和现代性等方面。在第五章中,我将讨论近期韩国歌手和音乐人在美国的出道,涉及音乐他者性和跨国转型。韩国流行音乐的这种跨国流动远不只是同质化或标准化的,而是一种复杂、多层次且时而矛盾的现象,与多种策略、突发事件纠葛,并试图通过音乐和视觉想象来指涉和构建场所。一些艺人在亚洲成功跨越国界之后,受向西半球拓展业务的愿望驱动,决定进军美国音乐市场。这一章将分析四位音乐人和歌手的制作、推广、视觉和声音策略:舞蹈艺人BoA、流行组合奇迹女孩(Wonder Girls)、摇滚乐队YB及雷鬼歌手Skull。根据粉丝话语及对制作人和艺人的采访,我认为像美国、亚洲和韩国等场所并没有悬浮于全球化的流行音乐领域中。它们仍具意义,是触发和塑造音乐性转型的想象。此外,艺人们在自我东方主义(self-orientalism)和流行全球主义(pop globalism)的话语之间摇摆不定。因此,场所与认同问题关联紧密,并不断被解读、构建并重新商定。在第六章中,我将讨论移民艺人在韩国流行音乐事业中变化的民族景观这一整体背景下所扮演的角色,探究这种跨国人口向韩国的流动如何被触发及组织,但同时被限制和排斥,以及其如何影响关于自我和他者概念的公众意见的构建。音乐产业吸纳、利用和推销外国艺人的流动战略带来了流动性不对称动态,此章在讨论这一点后,将深入研究围绕美籍韩裔流行歌手丑闻的媒体报道,以阐明K-Pop中的他者化(Othering)过程以及流行音乐明星身份、认同政治、民族主义和跨国粉丝的多重纠葛。这些丑闻是更广泛的社会政治背景的症结和结果,此章的中心部分将这一社会政治背景作为爱国主义、反美情绪和网络文化的交织来处理并讨论,这些因素自21世纪以来塑造了韩国的公共氛围。在结语中,我将简要讨论2021年PSY的歌曲《江南Style》及其作为K-Pop全球化议程突出代表的全球知名度。

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