时间状语从句的连词较多,其用法特点也各异,另外还要注意主从句的时态搭配,在此我不作赘述。下面主要针对考研中出现的各类时间连词的用法作一个简单的分析归纳。
首先要说明的是,这里我不想详细讨论before的各个用法(比如它的主句和从句的时态关系),而只是分析一下它的汉译特点,因为这在考研中出现过。我们都知道,before一般译成“在……之前”。比如:
6 Even before Alan Greenspan's admission that America's red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. (2004年阅读第三篇)
妙语点睛 before后边接了一个名词短语Alan Greenspan's admission,其后that从句为同位语从句,补充说明admission。这里before正常地翻译成“在……之前”。
精品译文 甚至在阿兰•格林斯潘宣布美国经济繁荣正在降温之前,许多上班族早已觉察到了经济疲软的迹象。
7 During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.(2006年阅读“七选五”)
妙语点睛 before后边接了一个从句,主句谓语用过去完成时态,从句谓语用一般过去时态。
精品译文 威廉先生是一位年薪收入为35,000美元的州审计员,这几年,那个赌场让他输掉了约175,000美元。而在该赌场送给他一张价值20美元的赌票之前,他从未参与过赌博。
不过,有时我们为了使译文地道,需要将before的汉译做适当的调整,也就是说before不一定都要生硬、呆板地译成“在……之前”。请看下列真题例句:
8 The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
妙语点睛 此句在P2页1.1.1小节第(8)个例句详细讨论过。这里再来讨论其中的第二个翻译难点,即before的翻译技巧。在英文中,before一般接肯定形式,但翻译成汉语时,往往处理成否定的意思。从句before people realized how diverse languages could be可以译成“在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别之前”。如果有的考生不知道before的这种汉译特点,就会把这句翻译成“希腊人认为语言的结构与思想的过程有某种联系,这种想法源于欧洲,很久以前,人们就意识到语言是多么的丰富多彩”。
精品译文 希腊人认为,语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在 人们尚未认识到 语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。
9 Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda—to lure us to open our wallets—they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. “Celebrate!”commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.(2006年阅读第四篇)
妙语点睛 这里before从句虽然表示时间,但实际上引导的是一个前后对比关系:before前说治疗关节炎药品Celebrex的广告鼓动人们去“欢庆”,before后说发现这种药品会加大患心脏病的危险。前后有一种转折意味。
精品译文 我们杂志的报道往往关注那些笑容满面的名人以及完美之家中的快乐成员。这些信息只有一个目的——诱惑我们掏钱包,正是它们使“快乐”这个概念显得不可靠。比如,治疗关节炎药品Celebrex的广告鼓动人们去“欢庆”, 后来 发现这种药品会加大患心脏病的危险。
10 The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root. (1991年阅读第三篇)
妙语点睛 这里before从句虽然表示时间,但根据上下文的逻辑关系,我们可以将其转译成条件从句,译为“只有……才……”。
精品译文 土壤里的矿物质是无法被植物直接利用的,它们 只有 在溶于土壤的溶液之后, 才能 为植物的根系所吸收。
尤其是在before从句之前接有一段时间状语,一般可以翻译成“在多长时间之后才……”。请看例句:
11 It took a few months of investigation before it became clear.
妙语点睛 before前面有一个时间段a few months,如果按照英语原文的语序译成“在情况变得明朗之前,花了几个月时间进行调查”,就有股“英语腔”,不符合汉语的表达习惯,所以,此时宜把它译成“在多长时间之后才……”的结构。
精品译文 经过了 几个月 调查之后,情况 才 开始变得明朗。
12 In this factory, suggestions often have to wait for months before they are fully considered. (1991年语法)
妙语点睛 before前面有一个时间段months,所以,宜按照上述规律来变通翻译。
精品译文 在这家工厂,一项建议往往要等上 数月之后才 会被考虑。
这里简单总结一下有when出现的历年考研真题。主要是考查when的搭配,比如hardly... when, when it comes to...等。
13 ______ to speak when the audience interrupted him.
A. Hardly had he begun B. No sooner had he begun C. Not until he began D. Scarcely did he begin
正确答案 A
妙语点睛 本题要求考生熟悉when表示过去时间的一个固定搭配,即hardly had something done when something did...这一倒装句型,表示“一……就……”。注意主从句的时态搭配:主句用过去完成时态,且常倒装,从句用一般过去时态。其他类似结构有:scarcely...when...,no sooner...than...等。
精品译文 他刚要开始发言,观众就打断了他。
14 Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true _____ it comes to classroom tests.
A. before B. as C. since D. when
正确答案 D
妙语点睛 这题要求考生熟悉when的一个固定搭配,即when it comes to... 这一结构,表示“当提到……”。
精品译文 做家庭作业当然是一个提高考试成绩的好办法,尤其是对课堂测试来说。
15 On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont ______ I noticed a young man holding up a sign reading “Boston”.
A. which B. where C. when D. that
正确答案 C
妙语点睛 这一题比上两道稍微难些,要求考生掌握when的时态搭配。在众多when的主从句时态搭配中,有这样一种:一般过去时与过去进行时搭配,短暂动词用一般过去时,如这里的noticed,而延续动词用过去进行时,如这里的was driving。这一时态搭配表示的意义是:在一个延续动作的背景中(如was driving)突然发生了一个短暂动作。
精品译文 在一个雨天,我正驾着车往北穿越佛蒙特州。这时我突然看见一个年轻男子,手里举着牌子,上面写着“波士顿”。
16 In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.
妙语点睛 通过这个英译汉真题,我想说明的是,when虽然是一个时间连词,但在特定的上下文中,可能会含有条件的意味,可以译成“如果”。
精品译文 一般来说,如果所需要测定的特征能很精确地界定时,测试最为有效;而如果所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时,测试的效果最差。
时间连词while和when含义有差别,while相当于 during that time(在……期间),表示某一时间段内发生的动作,因此,从句谓语动词通常是延续性动词。When相当于 at that time(在……时刻),从句谓语动词通常是短暂动词,表示某一时刻的动作;when从句也可用延续性动词,但往往是过去进行时态。
17 I was walking along the road ______ suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind.(CET-4)
A. immediately B. when C. the moment D. while
正确答案 B
妙语点睛 本题考点类似于上面讨论过的2000年考研真题。这里从句的动词patted是一个短暂动作,所以不能选while。
精品译文 当时我正在路上走,突然有人从后面拍了我的肩膀。
18 The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 48 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens imposed by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans.
A. but B. while C. and D. whereas
正确答案 B
妙语点睛 这一题在前文中讨论过,动词avoid表示一个状态,是延续性动词。
精品译文 这种现象为公司开辟了一条道路,使它们既保持了自身的国际竞争力,同时也避免了市场周期的冲击,以及就业法规、医疗费用和养老金所带来的日益繁重的负担。
此外,需要再次提醒的是,while除了表示时间外,还有另外三种意思:表示条件“只要”,表示对比“然而”,表示让步“尽管”。这些在前文中都提到过。
时间连词until的用法是:until前的主句谓语必须是延续性的,而until后的从句谓语须是短暂动词或接时间点。若主句谓语动词是短暂动词,则要用否定形式,因为否定表示的是一个状态,而状态是延续的,故形成我们常说的not...until...“直到……才……”的结构。
19 Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution.(1998年完形填空)
妙语点睛 动词spoke表示延续,recently是一个时间点。注意:until可以用在句首。
精品译文 直到最近,大多数历史学家仍对工业革命持批评态度。
20 People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young.(2006年阅读第四篇)
妙语点睛 主句谓语动词worked是延续性的,从句谓语exhausted是短暂动词。
精品译文 早期的人们被不幸的暗示包围。他们工作到筋疲力尽,在几乎无保护的状态下生活,并且很年轻就去世了。
21 In 1997, he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997, he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat locked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m.(2006年阅读“七选五”)
妙语点睛 主句谓语动词played是延续性的,从句谓语locked是短暂动词。
精品译文 1997年,他两天之内在一台老虎机上输掉了21,000美元。1997年3月,他输掉了72,186美元。他有时整夜同时在两台老虎机上赌博,直到清晨5点船只停靠码头,然后上午9点赌场开门时他又返回船上。
请注意掌握“not...until...”的四种不同句式。请看例句:
1)正常结构:
The exact time of dying was not of great importance until recently.
2)until置于句首:
Until recently the exact time of dying was not of great importance.
直到最近,死亡的确切时间才变得尤为重要。(注意翻译)
3)倒装结构:
Not until recently was the exact time of dying of great importance.
4)强调结构:
It was not until recently that the exact time of dying was of great importance.
22 As was discussed before, it was not 22 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the company of the periodical.
A. after B. by C. during D. until
正确答案 D
妙语点睛 这里考的是“It was not until +时间点+ that...”的强调句式。
精品译文 像先前讨论过的那样,直到19世纪,报纸在小册子、书本之后随期刊一起成为了电子媒体出现之前的主流媒体。
需要注意的是:
1)在not until倒装结构中,需要部分倒装的是主句的谓语动词,而非从句的谓语动词。
Not until she had arrived home, did she remember her appointment with the doctor.
2) 倒装结构演化成强调结构时,主句谓语不再使用倒装形式。
Not until she had arrived home, did she remember her appointment with the doctor.
It was not until she had arrived home that she remembered her appointment with the doctor.