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第三节
句子结构的变化归根结底是基本句的变化

表面上英语句子似乎千变万化、难以把握,但实际上它们的变化遵循着简单的规律。纵横不出方圆,万变不离其宗,方圆和宗就是1-2A的基本句型。下面的三种转换可充分证明这一点。

1-10 基本句内部的转换

①主动与被动的转换均是基本句内部的转换。②第二章2-18D,2-42A。③第三章3-18,3-19,3-20例4~20。④第四章4-17,4-18,4-19,4-21,4-22,4-23,4-26,4-27,4-28,4-29,4-30,4-31,4-32,4-36,4-37,4-58,4-61,4-62。

1-11 从句、短语、修饰词之间的转换

修饰性的从句、短语、单词常可还原成基本句。如下面A、B、C的斜体部分可还原成基本句She has a round face。

She is a girl. She has a round face.

A. She is a round-faced girl.(单词作定语)

B. She is a girl with a round face .(短语作定语)

C. She is a girl who has a round face .(从句作定语)

1-12 基本句与从句、短语、修饰词的转换

参考:4-42B,4-50B,4-80。

下面A与B之间的转换是基本句与从句、短语、修饰词的转换。将A变成B是将某些基本句变成从句、短语、修饰词;将B变成A则是将从句、短语、修饰词还原成基本句。英语句子结构“纵横不出方圆,万变不离其宗”的道理在A和B的转换中得到了充分体现。

她的竞赛目标都实现了,在家陪着丈夫。他出生在英国,是个铁饼运动员,体重95千克。

1984年奥运会后她和他结婚,他说会随时照看他们的孩子。

A. Her track goals were accomplished. She stayed home with her husband. He is a discus thrower. His weight is 95 kilos. He was born in Britain. She married him after the 1984 Olympic Games. He said he would be available to take care of their baby.

B. Her track goals accomplished, she stayed home with her husband ,a 95-kilo British-born discus thrower,whom she married after the 1984 Olympic Games and who said he would be available to take care of their baby.

合并前,有七个基本句。在结构上彼此的关系是并列的,没有主次之分,没有线性思维的痕迹,逻辑性差,语言不简洁。

合并后,按照线性思维排列,分主干和细节。逻辑性强,语言简洁。第二个句子she stayed home with her husband成为主干,其余的成为细节──从句、短语、修饰词。

第一句her track goals were accomplished变成了短语her track goals accomplished。

第三句被浓缩成了一个名词短语a discus thrower。

第四句被浓缩成了一个修饰词95-kilo。

第五句被浓缩成了一个修饰词British-born。

第六句变成了whom引导的定语从句。

第七句变成了who引导的定语从句。

注:

将修饰性的短语和词看成是基本句的变体是认识句子结构变化规律的一个重要方法,但这不意味着所有的修饰性短语都可被转换成基本句,如1-15A的多数修饰语就不能转成基本句。 oWOSEikOfqNEMFSRbPh/qI1SrEP1ICMPPs0Sab+zUv433oCd40vtTaOorkoTMFhP

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