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第二节
主语

2-7 主语的重要性

参考:2-3。

(一)主语和“动词+其他”相互依赖:基本句 = 主语+动词+其他。1-1A的搭配前面加上主语才能表达完整的意思,二者缺一不可。同时,搭配之间的密切联系只有通过基本句这个载体才能显现出来。

(二)英语句子必须有主语:没有主语的汉语句子译成英语必须有主语。如“已经道歉了”是正常的汉语句子,但按汉语思路译成 has apologized 是错误的。正确的译文是:

又如在定语从句中,代替宾语和表语的引导词多可省略,但代替主语的引导词不能省略。

1. A. She used to be a shy girl . Now she is no longer that shy girl.

B. Now she is no longer the shy girl (that) she used to be. (that代替表语a shy girl,可以省略。)

2. A. That is a place. We visit it regularly.

B. That is a place (that) we visit regularly. (that代替宾语it,可以省略。)

3. A. This is a book. It will change your outlook on life.

B. This is a book that will change your outlook on life. 这是一本将改变你人生观的书。(that代替主语it,不可省略。如果省略了主语that,从句就不完整,是错句。)

2-8 主语和逻辑上的主语

英语的主谓在表达形式上必须两条腿走路,既要有真正的主谓,也要有逻辑(意思)上的主谓。二者相互补充,缺一不可,这一点充分反映在第四章的结构转换上。

1. 群狗缩成一团,惊恐万状,朝着熊狂吠不停,浑身哆嗦。

A. The dogs crouched. They were horror-struck. They were barking at the bears in fear. They were trembling.(the dogs,they 是主语。)

B. The dogs crouched horror-struck,barking at the bears in fear and trembling. (the dogs 是crouched的主语,是horror-struck,barking at the bears in fear and trembling逻辑上的主语。)

2. 他们可能会赢得这场比赛。

A. Possibly,they will win the match. (they是will win的主语。)

B. It is possible for them to win the match.(them是to win逻辑上的主语。)

C. There is a possibility of their winning the match.(their是winning逻辑上的主语。)

3. She decided to have another child.(she是decided的主语,是to have another child逻辑上的主语。)

4. I don t mind being asked this question.(I是mind的主语,是being asked this question逻辑上的主语。)

5. We are impressed by her beauty and intelligence.(= We are impressed by the fact that she is beautiful and intelligent,her是beauty and intelligence逻辑上的主语。)

2-9 能作主语的也能作表语和宾语

能作主语的有:

(一)名词和代词:包括名词化短语(见4-17),数词可划入名词系统。

(二)不定式:包括to do (sth),to be done。

(三)动名词:包括doing,sb’s doing,being done。

(四)wh-从句:包括how引导的从句。

(五)that从句。

注:

在一般的语法书和互联网上都可查到以上内容的例句。受篇幅限制,此处不提供例句,后同。

它们均可出现在下面的划线部分,在什么位置上就是什么成分。例如that/wh-从句在主语位置上是主语从句,在表语位置上是表语从句,在宾语位置上是宾语从句。

2-10 主语内部的转换

同表语和宾语的内部存在大量的转换一样,主语内部也存在着大量的转换。

(一)that从句与名词化短语的转换,见4-17A。

(二)wh-从句与名词化短语的转换,见4-17B。

(三)that从句、the fact that、名词化短语之间的转换,见4-17A例5。

(四)sb’s doing、that从句、the fact that之间的转换,见4-21C。

2-11 形式主语it是线性思维的产物

参考:1-14A。

用it作形式主语出现在句首,将真正的主语to do/doing短语和that/wh-从句置于句尾。这是线性思维的产物,先概括后细节,把复杂的成分放在句尾。it作形式宾语也是同样的道理,见2-63。 6jg11LzBp9GiQF+Syyn8nb/wGSlHWvSVyFeE0SYDes4nx7sr8orE7J9XzDN8PBVl

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