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第三节
雅思各科中常见的语法问题

◆雅思写作与口语中的语法问题

我们先看看下面这句话:

Given is a table reflects a survey of the proportion of different consumer goods spent among five countries: Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden and Turkey in the year of 2002.

【分析】

这是来自一个考生的雅思写作TASK 1的第一句,一看这句话就大概知道了作者的语言水平。句中有i s和reflects两个动词,怎么可以在一个句子中同时出现两个谓语动词?consumer goods spent主谓不一致,consumer goods是物件,怎么可能被spent?逻辑不协调,among这个介词在这里使用也不恰当。这个作者想把这句话写得有特色一点,用了分词前置,结果因为基本的语法没掌握好,反而弄巧成拙。

【修改】

The table presents findings of a survey about the proportion of consumer spending on different items in five countries in 2002.

Or

The table shows that the proportion of spending on some items differed considerably from country to country in 2002.

当然,复杂句的使用虽然不是写作高分的必要条件,但采用多样化的形式表达与采用非普通的缺乏节奏与韵味的句子表达效果绝对是不一样的,这一点,大家也可以从雅思写作的评分标准中看出。

下面我们来看一句话分别用不同的表达方法,明显改变了效果。

20世纪末科技的繁荣,人们开始广泛使用电脑。

The late 20th century witnessed the prosperity in science and technology,thereby giving rise to the wide application of computers.(witness句型)

With the prosperity in science and technology in the late 20th century,the computers were widely applied.(With结构状语前置)

So flourishing was the science and technology in the late 20th century that computers were widely applied in various fronts.(倒装句)

It was the prosperity in science and technology in the late 20th century that gave rise to the wide application of computers.(强调句型)

与写作一样,语法对口语考试也很重要。考生错误最多体现在时态和主谓一致问题上。

【举例】

汉语中没有时态的区别,比如我们说“今天吃饭”“明天吃饭”“昨天吃饭”,动词的形式并不变,我们汉语中主要靠时间状语来区分。但在英语表达里,则主要通过动词时态形式的变化来体现这样的差异。大多数同学在说英语的时候,很少能注意使用不同的时态。而这在考官看来是极难容忍的。还有些考生在口语考试中出现很多低级的语法错误,像he和she不分等,都是考生取得高分的障碍。

另外,清晰掌握了复合句结构的构造,对于考生体现语言的多样性和丰富性亦相当有促进作用。

例如,在回答Part 1问题“What kind of films do you like?”时有如下两个回答:

Sample 1: I like action movies, because it's really exciting, and there's many stars in it, like Jackie Chan.

Sample 2: My favorite films are action films, with exciting stories and lots of special effects.The action movies are usually featured by many movie stars, like Jackie Chan, who is a Kungfu master , also my idol.

Sample 2中使用了be featured by...短语结构及定语从句这样相对较地道、更加unusual的语法结构,表达上也更加连贯顺畅,层次感丰富。

在雅思口语及写作中,从准确性上来讲,Ernie总结了中国学生常犯的主要语法错误(Grammar Error)如下:

动词格式错误 Verb errors

平行结构缺失 Lack of parallelism

修饰语位置错误 Misplaced modifiers

形容词/副词 Adjective/Adverb

句子构成错误 Run-ons & Fragments

◆雅思阅读中的语法问题——长句的处理

众所周知,雅思阅读的三篇文章都比较长,而且单词也相对比较难,而最让考生头痛的就是几乎一半以上的句子都是长句。

如何分析长难句,便成为理解的关键,处理长难句,就是指能清楚地知道这个长句的主干是什么,这个长句的主谓宾或主谓表是什么。这样的话,会大大减轻考生的压力。因为主干的单词往往比较简单,并且,主干的意思基本上就是作者要表达的意义。

【题目】

Research completed in 1982 found that in the United States soil erosion...(C3T2P2)

A.reduced the productivity of farmland by 20 per cent

B.was almost as severe as in India and China

C.was causing significant damage to 20 per cent of farmland

D.could be reduced by converting cultivated land to meadow or forest

【原文】

The United States, where the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soil's productivity.

【解析】

很明显,原文是一个长句,而对于长句的处理就是找出主干。我们可以看出来,这个句子的主干是The United States discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil。所以答案就非常明显应该选择C。所以你会发现很多考生都会选A项,但它根本就不在此长句的主干中,这只是对作者要表达的意思的补充说明。

◆雅思听力中的语法问题

语法有益于提高对文章的理解。一些常用的语法表达可以有助于听者更加确切地理解听力内容,从而做出正确判断。现在举听力中很常见的一个语法表达rather than的例子。rather than的含义是“而不是”。

如I would choose to go out for a walk rather than sit in a cinema.

又如The highest continent in the world is Antarctica rather than Asia.

再如The key to listening is the combination of vocabulary and grammar rather than vocabulary alone.

小结:rather than之前出现的内容是肯定的,而之后出现的内容是否定的。

【题目】

看一道剑桥上的例题(C4T3P2)。

Where does Circus Romano perform?

A.In a theatre.

B.In a tent.

C.In a stadium.

【原文】

The first is the Circus Romano from Italy.As this is a traveling circus, it follows a long tradition by performing in a marquee—which is really like a canvas portable building, usually put up in a green space or car park, rather than in a theatre or stadium.

【解析】

马戏团表演的地方叫marquee,这个词比较难,往后听,听到canvas portable building,帆布可移动建筑,也就是帐篷,可以再往后听,green space or car park…rather than…theatre or stadium,可见表演的场所是设在绿地或停车场,而不是剧院或体育馆。这个时候答案是最明晰的,可利用排除法去掉A、C,选B。

【总结】

平时练习听力时多收集一些常用语法结构,可以加强听力理解能力,如:instead of, prefer to, not… but…, as well as, etc.

同时,语法有利于加强对解题方法的使用。特别是词性区分及关键词划分。词性区分是最基本的语法知识,关键词划分又是最基本的解题步骤,所以懂得区分词性非常重要。

总之,雅思语法对于雅思各方面能力的训练都有着不可忽视的基础作用,希望我们为教者亦可以进一步认识语法对于学生能力提高的影响,切实提高对语法的认识,在课堂教学中,对于语法问题,不应该报以避之绕之的态度,给考生的英语训练加上理性的框架指导。 ncw14Ihh+oMebS6hcU/lWqDT1yJMe4oKauHtqVwFuSJ2c75tJo3Khk8Guut5QqgS

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