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第二节
原则2:立足本句,三句为限

本节要点

一、原则解读

二、真题举例:立足本句

三、真题举例:三句为限

四、真题实操:2015年英语二Text 1

一、原则解读

阅读的第二个原则是 立足本句,三句为限 。利用该原则可以帮助我们排除70%~80%的无用信息,锁定20%~30%的有用信息。所以, 本原则是阅读三大原则中的重中之重,是原则中的原则。 (本节也是第一章的重中之重)

那什么叫“立足本句,三句为限”呢? 在题干或选项中找到关键词,根据关键词在原文中找到的与其最匹配的那句话就叫本句,也就是我们常说的定位句。如果本句直接阐明了答案,就利用本句解题;如果本句找不到答案,那就看本句的上一句,若还找不到答案,就看本句的下一句。一般情况下,90%的细节题的答案都在这三句之内,甚至50%的细节题的答案都出自本句,尤其当本句在30个单词以上的时候。

要应用该原则,先要了解一个非常重要的概念,它就是 关键词 ,有以下三个问题大家务必搞清楚。

1.一道题的关键词能有几组?

关键词有两类:题干关键词和选项关键词。我们常说的关键词多指题干关键词,因为题干关键词是答案直接相关的,但选项里的关键词就未必了。一般来说,题干关键词至少有一组。之所以用“组”为单位,是因为关键词既可以是一个单词,也可以是几个相邻单词构成的一个意群——从这个意义上来说,关键词更准确的叫法应该是关键信息。另外,选项中也存在关键词。比如和原文比对也无法确认某个选项是否可选,此时可能就需要利用该选项里的关键词,回原文定位到与其相关的句子,进行比对确认。一般来说,选项关键词至少有一组。

2.哪类关键词好定位?

一般来说,独一无二的关键词就好定位,比如人名、地名、数字、时间等,还比如带引号的、斜体的、有下划线的等等。原因很简单,它们比其他的单词更好识别。这类关键词好处在于可以帮你快速定位原文,但也有弊端——用它定位到的句子很有可能就是本句,却未必能帮你找到答案。比如题干问带引号或下划线的词是什么意思,这类关键词多半一眼就能定位到原文,但通常在定位到的句子里找不到答案。

3.哪个关键词最重要?

在题干中,从左往右的词重要性递增,除非后面的词是前面词的后置定语。 这是非常非常重要的一个选取关键词的原则,它决定了你回原文定位能否成功——定位不成功,本句都找不对,怎么可能找到答案?比如这个题干:The blurring of working women's roles refers to the fact that ______。这里面最重要的关键词就是the fact that,因为这正是题目想问的。但是“越靠后的越重要”并不是说题干中比较靠前的关键词就不重要,前面的关键词是可以用来帮你锁定大致范围的,越往后面的关键词则越是能帮助你确定答案。另外需要注意: 如果题干是特殊疑问词开头的话,那哪个关键词的重要性最大就另当别论了。

总之,关键词的选取和利用关键词回原文定位都需要不断练习,我们会结合具体的例子来具体说明。下面我们结合真题来分步学习这条最重要的原则。

二、真题举例:立足本句

上一部分中虽然给了本句的定义:利用题干或选项中找到的关键词在原文中成功定位的那句话。但在实际操作中,用关键词回原文定位本句,有时候可以定位到多个句子,这个时候如何判断呢?很简单, 包含题干关键词越多的句子越会是本句 。因为通常情况下,关键词都不止一个,像年份、数字、人名、地名、专有名词等,如果用来定位原文,会很快,但真正能帮助定位到本句的还得看最核心的那个关键词。一般来说, 题干或选项中越靠后的关键词越重要,而原文包含最核心关键词(或其同义替换表达)的那句越可能是本句!

下面我们结合具体的例子来看一下如何精准定位本句并解题。为方便查看,下面每道题将直接给出对应段落原文,并直接跳过推测中心环节。在分析环节我们会模拟考场情况对选项进行比对和筛选,所以 对选项的分析未必会按题目所给顺序来进行

例1 2011年英语二Text 1-21题

21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms.Simmons was criticized for ______.

[A] gaining excessive profits

[B] failing to fulfill her duty

[C] refusing to make compromises

[D] leaving the board in tough times

Step 1:分析题干找关键词

关键词有三组:

1.Paragraph 1(定位段落)

2.Simmons(利用人名定位快些)

3.was criticized for(位于题干最右侧,最核心)

Step 2:回原文定位并分析

拿起笔,开始圈画关键词没?自己先试试定位如何?

如上所示,利用关键词Paragraph 1,直接定位到原文第一段。

第一段:①Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs's board as an outside director in January 2000; a year later she became president of Brown University.②For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism .③But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman's compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? ④By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board.⑤The position was just taking up too much time, she said.

分析: 利用关键词Simmons,你会发现可以在这段话中找到①③④这三句话。这三句中都没有直接出现最核心关键词was criticized for,但句③的was under fire是was criticized for的同义替换,由此判定这句就是本句。

对照下,你的本句判断对了吗?

Step 3:立足本句锁定答案

同学: 老师,我不知道was under fire的意思,不知道它是was criticized for的同义替换。但是我能认得句②中的criticism,里面的she指代的也是Simmons,为什么不用这句呢?

波妈: 你的问题很好。句②你再仔细看下,criticism并不是独立出现的,而是以短语“without attracting much criticism”出现的。这个短语和题干中的“was criticized for”语义刚好相反,所以不能用这句作为本句。

同学: 哦,明白了。关键词的同义替换要按一个完整的意群看,而不能只看某个单词。

波妈: 是的。这里波妈要特别再做两点说明。

1)即便你不认识was under fire这个短语,也能判定句③是本句。因为这段的五句话中,除了句③,其他几句都没有和was criticized for有关的信息。句①和句④都只是客观说Simmons做了什么,句⑤是Simmons自己的想法,所以只有句③有这个可能。

2)不要乱用所谓的推理去解题。曾有同学这么说:

句②也是一个逆向的解题思路,因为这句说的是Simmons做了什么没受到批评,而题干问的是做了什么受到了批评。那答案不正是句②的反面吗?句②中Simmons managed both roles(两个职位都胜任了),所以就没受批评,那它的反面不就是“不胜任她的职责,所以受到批评”吗,这不就是B项吗?

同学,请你仔细想想,这个逻辑只是在这道题里刚巧歪打正着,还是足够严谨?我们不妨一起推导一下:

已知原文:做A得到B的结果

自己推论:没有得到B的结果就一定是因为没有做A

显然这个逻辑是有问题的,如果做C也可以得到B的结果呢?没有得到B的结果完全也可能是因为没有做C呀?除非原文告诉你的是:只有做A才能得到B的结果。

最后,再综合我们前面的分析,两相比对不难发现,考研阅读理解 一定要根据原文来解题,答案一定来自原文,而不能靠你的随意推断得出

词汇加油站

decade [ˈdekeɪd] n. 十年

apparently [əˈpærə ntli] adv. 看来;显然

be under fire 遭受批评(或攻击、责难)(也常用作come under fire)

compensation [ˌkɒmpenˈseɪʃn] n. 补偿;赔偿

committee [kəˈmɪti] n. 委员会

payout [ˈpeɪaʊt] n. 付出的巨款

参考译文

2000年1月,鲁斯·西蒙斯以外部董事的身份加入高盛集团的董事会;一年后,她成为布朗大学的校长。此后的几年里,显然她在没有招致太多争议的情况下成功兼任了这两个职务。但在2009年末,西蒙斯女士因担任高盛薪酬委员会成员而遭到抨击;她怎么可以悄无声息地通过那些巨额的奖金的发放呢?到第二年的2月,西蒙斯女士离开了董事会。她说这个职位太占用时间了。

例2 2011年英语二Text 1-22题

22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be ______.

[A] generous investors

[B] unbiased executives

[C] share price forecasters

[D] independent advisers

Step 1:分析题干找关键词

关键词有三组:

1.Paragraph 2(快速定位段落)

2.outside directors

3.are supposed to(位于题干最右侧,最核心)

Step 2:回原文定位并分析

如上所示,利用关键词Paragraph 2,直接定位到原文第二段。

第二段:① Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm's board.②Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive's proposals.③If the sky, and the share price, is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

分析: 利用关键词outside directors定位,发现可以在这段话中找到①③两句话。但只有首句中复现题干最核心关键词are supposed to,所以判定首句就是本句。

Step 3:立足本句锁定答案

同学: 老师,我认为选B。因为executives虽然本句里没有,但本句的下一句里就有啊。

波妈: 请问下一句和本句之间有转折吗?如果有转折那另当别论,如果没有,那说明身份上并没有否定本句提出的advisers而肯定下一句的executive。所以说立足本句,如果本句可以解题,就一定不要到处乱看。

同学: 可是D项的independent(独立的)本句里并没有啊。

波妈: 本句中有less biased(不那么有偏见),且下一句继续说they have enough independence,这里的they指代的就是本句中的advisers,这进一步说明advisers看问题有相对独立的思考能力,所以本题答案就是D项。

词汇加油站

biased [ˈbaɪəst] adj. 有偏见的

reputation [ˌrepjuˈteɪʃ n] n. 名誉;名声

presumably [prɪˈzjuːməbli] adv. 据推测,大概,可能

executive [ɪɡˈzekjətɪv] n. (尤指商业机构中的)行政主管,经理

weather [ˈweðə(r)] vt. 平安渡过(困境);经受住

参考译文

外部董事被认为应在公司董事会中充当有帮助又少有偏见的顾问。他们在别的领域已积累了财富和声誉,因此他们有足够的独立性对首席执行官的提案提出质疑。如果公司面临灭顶之灾,股价大跌,外部董事理应能根据自己过往应对危机的经验向公司提供建议。

例3 2010年英语一Text 1-22题

22. Newspaper reviews in England before World WarⅡ were characterized by ______.

[A] free themes

[B] casual style

[C] elaborate layout

[D] radical viewpoints

Step 1:分析题干找关键词

关键词有四组:

1.Newspaper reviews

2.in England(专有名词易于定位)

3.World War Ⅱ(专有名词易于定位)

4.were characterized by(位于题干最右侧,最核心)

Step 2:回原文定位并分析

来,一起感受下长难句扎堆是什么感觉~

考研阅读一般一道题对应一段,而且基本出过题的段落不会再单独出题。 本题是第2题,推断一般对应原文第二段或第三段,再利用题干中的前三个关键词,我们很快就能定位到原文第三段的首句。

第三段:①We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II , at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.②In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered.③Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about.④These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press.⑤“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are’.”

分析: 虽然首句中并没有最核心的关键词were characterized by,但一方面这段中只有首句包含题干关键词,且四个关键词就包含了三个;另一方面首句本身还是个长难句,包含远不止30个单词。我们在本节的原则解读中就曾说过,当本句在30个单词左右的时候,多半答案就在本句。再加上首句的下一句中也同样没有were characterized by的同义替换,所以判定首句就是本句。

Step 3:立足本句比对选项

同学: 老师,C和D我很容易排除,可是A和B怎么区分呢?

波妈: 这个就涉及你对“聚焦”这个词的理解。想一想“聚焦”这个词常用在哪里?

同学: 拍照的时候。

波妈: 对,拍照时聚焦指的是啥?不就是你举着相机只对着A,要突出A吗?要是你拍出来既有A又有B,还有C,甚至还有D,反正就是看不出A其实才是你想拍的,那就叫不聚焦。至于你是用人像、风景还是普通模式拍,只要是对着A拍,那就都还叫聚焦,只是拍出来的风格有所不同罢了。那回到咱们这道题上来,本句说的是newspaper reviews(新闻评论)不聚焦,那主题自由就意味着评论里有多个主题,不知道评论到底想说什么,这不就是评论不聚焦吗?总之,评论的聚焦与否说的是其内容,是本质,而风格不过是内容的呈现形式,说不上聚不聚焦。所以本题选A。通过这道题你也能发现, 考研阅读做不对,有时候真不只是单词、语法和长难句的问题,还和你的逻辑思维能力也有关系

词汇加油站

stylish [ˈstaɪlɪʃ] adj. 流行的;格调优雅的

ornament [ˈɔːnəmənt] n. 装饰物,饰品

be characterized by 以……为特征

at length 详尽地

theme [θiːm] n. 主题

casual [ˈkæʒuə l] adj. 随意的

elaborate [ɪˈlæbərət] adj. 精心计划(或制作)的;详尽的;复杂的

radical [ˈrædɪkl] adj. 激进的;过激的;极端的

参考译文

我们离20 世纪初期和二战前夕期间在英国发表的内容宽泛的报纸评论甚至更远,当时,新闻用纸非常便宜,高雅的艺术评论被认为是刊登这种内容的出版物的装饰。在那些遥远的年代,主流报纸的评论家们会把报道的事件详细地写下来,这被视为理所当然。这些评论家们所从事的是严肃的事业,即使是漫不经心地展现自己学识的评论家,像乔治·伯纳德·萧和欧内斯特·纽曼,也可以相信他们知道自己在做什么。这些男人相信新闻业是一种使命,并且以在日报上发表文章为荣。纽曼写道:“有足够的智慧或足够的文学天赋以立足于新闻业的作者是如此之少,以至于我禁不住把‘新闻业’定义为‘没有读者的作家对有读者的作家的蔑称’。”

例4 2010年英语一Text 2-28题

28. The word “about-face”(Line 1, Para.3)most probably means ______.

[A] loss of goodwill

[B] increase of hostility

[C] change of attitude

[D] enhancement of dignity

Step 1:分析题干找关键词

关键词有两组:

1.Line 1, Para.3(精准定位位置)

2.about-face(推测词义的题,自然是要推测词义的这个词最核心)

Step 2:回原文定位并分析

第三段:①Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face , because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.②That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions.③Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch.④In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them.⑤Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.

分析: 词义推测题肯定要先找到包含这个词的句子,用题干括号里给的Line 1, Para.3直接定位到原文第三段的首句,找到about-face这个词。马上就会发现,首句很长,超过了30个词,且本段中再没有其他地方含有about-face这个词,判定首句就是本句。

Step 3:立足本句锁定答案

同学: 老师,我觉得应该选A,就是缺少善意了才从同意转为限制的呀?

波妈: 这道题确实有点儿难,立足本句就可以解题,但需要你认识curb这个高中词汇。这里给大家举个例子,比如你喜欢上一个人,热恋中甚至常常带他/她回家见父母。可经过一段时间的相处,你发现这个人本身确实很好,对你也很好,但你们两个人哪里还是感觉不对,不适合在一起,所以不再带这个人回家。请问,这是你对这个人善意的缺失还是敌意的增加吗?显然都不是,只是你对这个人的态度发生了转变。这种态度的转变是客观事实,而别人不明真相就说你这样的转变是善意的缺失或是敌意的增加,都只是对你的一种主观臆断,并不是客观的事实。

同学: 哦哦,明白了,要选更客观的那个。

波妈: 对的。并且要留意一下A、B两项,它们其实是互相矛盾的,选A就不会选B,选B就不会选A。在阅读中遇到类似情况, 多半互为矛盾的两个选项都不会选

词汇加油站

curb [kɜːb] n. 控制;限制,约束;抑制

claim [kleɪm] n. (对某事物的)权利,所有权

dramatic [drəˈmætɪk] adj. 骤然的;戏剧性的;激动人心的

approve [ əˈpruːv] vt. 赞成;同意;批准

pool [puːl] vt. (为不同人士或团体)集合(资金/资源)

hostility [hɒˈstɪ ləti] n. 敌意,不友好

enhancement [ɪnˈhɑːnsmənt] n. 增强;改进

dignity [ˈdɪɡnəti] n. 尊严

参考译文

对商业方法专利申请的限制是一个戏剧性的态度大转变,因为正是联邦巡回法院本身在其1998年所谓的美国道富银行案件的判决中引进了那些专利,批准了一项共同基金资产筹集方法的专利。该裁决导致商业方法专利申请激增,最初新兴互联网公司试图获得特定类型的在线交易的专有权。后来,更多的老牌公司也竞相申请这些专利,哪怕只是作为一项防御措施,以抵御可能击败自己的竞争对手。在2005年,IBM在一份法庭文件中指出它已被授予300多项商业方法专利,尽管它也质疑授予这些专利的法律依据。同样,一些华尔街投资公司也用金融产品专利武装自己,即使它们在法庭案例中对这些做法持反对立场。

三、真题举例:三句为限

我们上一部分讲了定位本句后,尽量立足本句寻找答案,特别是当本句包含30个左右单词的时候。但 当本句里确实找不到答案的时候 ,还可以去看本句的上一句(以下简称“上句”)和下一句(以下简称“下句”),特别是当下句含有转折强调词的时候(这点会在阅读的原则三中详细展开讲解,本小节仅做简单说明)。一般来说,在上句、本句和下句这三句之内,基本都可以找到答案,但看上句和下句一定要基于一个前提:在本句无法找到答案。

下面我们就结合具体的例子来看一下三句为限(以下例题仍将直接给出对应段落原文,并直接跳过推测文章中心环节)。

例1 2011年英语二Text 1-23题

23. According to the researchers from Ohio University, after an outside director's surprise departure, the firm is likely to ______.

[A] become more stable

[B] report increased earnings

[C] do less well in the stock market

[D] perform worse in lawsuits

Step 1:分析题干找关键词

关键词有三组:

1.researchers from Ohio University

2.an outside director's surprise departure

3.the firm is likely to(位于题干的最右侧,且是题干的主干,最核心)

Step 2:回原文定位并分析

第三段:①The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004.②Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next.③The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70.④ They found that after a surprise departure , the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increases by nearly 20%.⑤The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse.⑥The effect tended to be larger for larger firms .⑦Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship.⑧Often, they “trade up,” leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms .

分析: 有的同学一看到首句完整包含第一组关键词,立马就认定首句就是本句。但请问这句里还包含其他关键词吗?没有。那我们继续往下读,有的同学一眼就看到了句③里的“surprise” disappearances by directors,与第二组关键词有关,但可惜题干问的是the firm,这句里丝毫没有提到firm,所以还需要继续找。我们说过,本句一定是包含最多关键词的那个。最终我们定位到了句④,找到了第二组关键词中的surprise departure,并且句首的they明显是指代上一句的directors;另外还看到了最后一组关键词的同义替换:probability是is likely 的同义替换,company则是firm的同义替换。后面其他句子都没有这句所包含的关键词多,所以判定句④就是本句。

同学: 老师,你气死我了。你说不读全文,但刚才为了定位本句你让我读了好几句了。

波妈: 你可能是读了好几句,但请问:我有让你去读懂每句话了吗?显然没有。我们刚才都是在跳读,都只是在让你找题干的关键词。

刚才你圈画关键词了没?圈画了的给自己画个笑脸吧~

Step 3:三句为限锁定答案
/三句为限的三个要点/

这道题比较难但是很典型,通过上面的分析你会发现三点。

1.精准定位本句很重要。这道题如果本句一开始就没找对,你是很难锁定解题核心信息的。

2.找准本句后,并不是每个词都必须看懂。比如possibility后面的that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings,它其实是一个that引导的同位语从句,在解释说明possibility是什么,而在和B项比对时,你只要会分析句子结构,能知道原文中increases的是probability,而不是earnings即可。所以这个that从句即便不看也根本不会影响到判定本句是否能解题。

3.比对选项的时候,始终要牢记“同母同父”。选项中的每个词既要符合原文中的解题核心句,又要符合题干的要求。比如题干问firm怎么样,选项必须是回答firm怎么样的,而不能是其他怎么样。

词汇加油站

departure [dɪˈpɑːtʃə(r)] n. 离开;离职

subsequently [ˈsʌbsɪkwəntli] adv. 随后

federal [ˈfedərəl] adj. 联邦政府的

sink [sɪŋk] vi. 沉没

参考译文

俄亥俄大学的研究人员运用了一个数据库,这个数据库涵盖了从1989年到2004年10,000 多家公司和64,000多位董事的信息。然后,他们只是查看哪些董事从签署股东委托书留任到签署下一份委托书。离开董事会最有可能的原因是年龄,所以研究人员集中关注那些70岁以下的“出人意料”的离职董事。他们发现在外部董事的“突然离职”后,公司随后不得不重新申报其收益的可能性增加了近20%。被联邦集体诉讼列为被告的可能性也增加了,且股票情况可能更糟糕。对于更大的公司而言,这一影响往往更大。尽管外部董事的离职和公司随后的糟糕表现之间有关联,但这并不意味着这些董事总是在“跳离沉船”。他们往 往是想要“更上一层楼”,离开风险更高、规模较小的公司而前往规模更大和更稳定的公司。

例2 2010年英语一Text 1-23题

23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?

[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.

[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.

[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.

[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.

这道题的选项很有趣,你发现什么了吗?

Step 1:分析题干找关键词

关键词有两组:

1.Shaw and Newman(专有名词方便定位)

2.most probably agree on(最核心的关键词)

/选项关键词很重要/

这道题的选项很有意思,每项都是一句话,每句都围绕writers和journalistic/journalism/journalist来说。类似这样的关键词多半是文章中心所在,读题时要注意圈画。

Step 2:回原文定位并分析

第三段:①We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.②In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered.③Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman , could be trusted to know what they were about.④ These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press.⑤“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.”

分析: 利用第一组关键词很容易定位到句③,这个句子很长,但是通读后发现找不到第二组关键词的信息。继续往下读,在句④先是发现了第一组关键词的同义替换these men,接着又发现了agree on的同义替换believed in,判定句④就是本句。

Step 3:立足本句比对选项

分析: 题目四个选项都围绕writers和journalistic/journalism/journalist来说,而本句丝毫没有提及writers,所以用本句无法帮助解题。而上句在前面定位本句的时候已经排除,所以我们直接去看下句。

Step 4:三句为限锁定答案

词汇加油站

tempt [tempt] vt. 引诱,诱惑

contempt [kənˈtempt] n. 轻视;轻蔑

fulfill [fʊlˈfɪl] vt. 实现;达到;履行

contemptible [kənˈtemptəbl] adj. 可鄙的;卑劣的;为人所不齿的

not all 并非所有

be capable of 有……的能力

参考译文

我们离20 世纪初期和二战前夕期间在英国发表的内容宽泛的报纸评论甚至更远,当时,新闻用纸非常便宜,高雅的艺术评论被认为是刊登这种内容的出版物的装饰。在那些遥远的年代,主流报纸的评论家们会把报道的事件详细地写下来,这被视为理所当然。这些评论家们所从事的是严肃的事业,即使是漫不经心地展现自己学识的评论家,像乔治·伯纳德·萧和欧内斯特·纽曼,也可以相信他们知道自己在做什么。这些男人相信新闻业是一种使命,并且以在日报上发表文章为荣。纽曼写道:“有足够的智慧或足够的文学天赋以立足于新闻业的作者是如此之少,以至于我禁不住把‘新闻业’定义为‘没有读者的作家对有读者的作家的蔑称’。”

例3 2010年英语一Text 3-33题

33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that ______.

[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions

[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media

[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public

[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention

Step 1:分析题干找关键词

关键词有两组:

1.What the researchers have observed(整个句子是一个意群)

2.shows(题干最右侧的,最核心)

Step 2:回原文定位并分析

第四段:①The researchers ’ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others.②Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials, who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly.③For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.④If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.

分析: 根据试题序号以及第一组关键词,我们很快就能定位到第四段的首句。并且我们发现一方面本段只有这句包含题干中的关键词,另一方面这句还是个长难句,初步判定句①就是本句。

Step 3:立足本句比对选项
Step 4:三句为限锁定答案

通过上面的分析,我们发现根据本句来看,四个选项似乎都不是答案。那说明本句无法解题,还需要看下句。并且这个下句很特别,开头就用了一个yet,表示下句和本句意思出现转折,转折强调后重心,下句才是本段的重心所在,是真正要表达的观点。

同学: 老师,我一开始就看到那个yet了,直接用yet那句解题不可以吗?

波妈: 那你想100%做对吗?如果想,那就一定切记:立足本句,三句为限。一定是100%确认本句无解的情况下,再去看上句和下句来解题。如果本句有答案却没有找到,这时乱看其他句子,反而容易出错。

词汇加油站

stem from 源自

observation [ˌɒbzəˈveɪʃn] n. 观察;观测;监视

celebrity [səˈlebr əti] n. (尤指娱乐行业的)名人,明星

population [ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn] n. 人口(数量)

interact with 与……互动

interpersonal [ˌɪntəˈpɜːsənl] adj. 人际的

channel [ˈtʃænl] n. (交流的)途径,渠道

参考译文

研究人员的这个论点源于对社会影响的一个简单观察:除了一些像奥普拉·温弗瑞之类的名人外——他们的非凡影响力主要是媒体作用而非人际关系的影响——即使是一个人群中最有影响力的人也不会和那么多人互动。然而,根据二级传播理论,正是这些非名人的有影响力的人被认为通过直接影响他们的朋友和同事推动社会潮流。然而,对于将要发生的社会潮流,每个受影响的人之后必须影响他或她自己的熟人,这些熟人必须反过来影响他们的熟人,以此类推;至于会有多少人关注这些人中的每个人,这和最初的有影响力者没有多大关系。例如,如果在这个人际影响的网络中,与最初的影响者仅相隔两个层级的人表现出抗性,那么这种连串的变化就不会传播得很远,也不会影响许多人。

四、真题实操:2015年英语二Text 1

到此,我们已经学习了两大重要原则,下面就结合2015年英语二Text 1的23题和25题,看一下如何运用这两大原则来解题。

2015年英语二Text 1

看看是谁还没养成直接去看题干选项的习惯!

1 A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more stressed at home than at work.Researchers measured people's cortisol, which is a stress marker, while they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.

2 “Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home,” writes one of the researchers, Sarah Damaske.In fact women even say they feel better at work, she notes.“It is men, not women, who report being happier at home than at work.” Another surprise is that the findings hold true for both those with children and without, but more so for nonparents.This is why people who work outside the home have better health.

3 What the study doesn't measure is whether people are still doing work when they're at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office.For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back.For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office.And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with household tasks.With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for working women, it's not surprising that women are more stressed at home.

4 But it's not just a gender thing.At work, people pretty much know what they're supposed to be doing: working, making money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income.The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life sustaining moola .

5 On the home front, however, people have no such clarity.Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out.There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them.Your home colleagues—your family—have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they're teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all electronic devices.Plus, they're your family.You cannot fire your family.You never really get to go home from home.

6 So it's not surprising that people are more stressed at home.Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the coworkers are much harder to motivate.

原则1的运用 看题干和选项找中心

拿起笔,想想可以圈点儿啥~

21. According to Paragraph 1, most previous surveys found that home ______.

[A] was an unrealistic place for relaxation

[B] generated more stress than the workplace

[C] was an ideal place for stress measurement

[D] offered greater relaxation than the workplace

22. According to Damaske, who are likely to be the happiest at home?

[A] Working mothers.

[B] Childless husbands.

[C] Childless wives.

[D] Working fathers.

23. The blurring of working women's roles refers to the fact that ______.

[A] they are both bread winners and housewives

[B] their home is also a place for kicking back

[C] there is often much housework left behind

[D] it is difficult for them to leave their office

24. The word “moola”(Para.4)most probably means ______.

[A] energy

[B] skills

[C] earnings

[D] nutrition

25. The home front differs from the workplace in that ______.

[A] home is hardly a cozier working environment

[B] division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut

[C] household tasks are generally more motivating

[D] family labor is often adequately rewarded

分析: 从题干和选项中,我们能发现文章高频出现的词主要有:home、working/workplace、women/mothers/wives。大概能判定这篇主要讲: 家庭 工作 女性

圈画的是高频复现的词,圈对的今天吃饭加个鸡腿吧~

原则2的运用 立足本句解题

了解文章大概中心后,我们先来看看立足本句的解题应用。

Step 1:分析题干找关键词

23. The blurring of working women's roles refers to the fact that ______.

[A] they are both bread winners and housewives

[B] their home is also a place for kicking back

[C] there is often much housework left behind

[D] it is difficult for them to leave their office

位置: 本题是第3题,多半对应中间的段落。

大意: 职业女性的角色的blurring(模糊,混淆)指的什么事实?

关键词分析: 题干略显复杂,是一个含有从句的主谓宾结构。谓语很明显就是refer to,我们重点来看主语和宾语里的关键词。主语the blurring of working women's roles中显然working women's roles和介词of一起构成介宾结构,作blurring的定语,所以中心语是blurring。

如果你认识blur,知道blurring这里是表示“模糊”,那题干中“角色的模糊”指的一定不止一个角色,至少要涉及两个角色。如果不认识blurring这个词也没关系。继续往后看,refers to the fact that ______。按照咱们的原则,题干的关键词从左往右重要性递增,refer to是谓语动词,表示“指代、涉及”,后面的the fact是refer to的宾语,而再往后的that+选项很明显是一个从句,修饰限定或说明the fact。由此我们找到题干的关键词是blurring和the fact。

Step 2:回原文定位并分析

我们回原文定位,发现文章中间部分既有blurring又有the fact的只有一句——第三段的尾句。

第三段:①What the study doesn't measure is whether people are still doing work when they're at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office.②For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back.③For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office.④And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with household tasks.⑤With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for working women, it's not surprising that women are more stressed at home.

分析: 句⑤就是本句,且答案就在本句。分析句子结构,本句的结构如下。

状语: with the blurring of roles, and the fact ...

(and并列的两个“定冠词+名词”一起作with的宾语,the fact只是其中一个宾语,其后的that说明the fact的内容)

主干: it's not surprising that ...

可见:

1.the fact后面的that从句的内容就是答案的来源。

2.即便你不认识blurring也确实没关系,因为the blurring of roles只是和the fact并列的内容,你能看懂the fact 后面的that从句就可以。

3.本句的主干“it's not surprising that ...”不看都没关系。

由上述分析可知,答案需要匹配the fact 后的that从句的内容:the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for working women。这个从句包含了home和work,大意为:在……上,home front落后于workplace。而答案必须覆盖这个从句的全部意思,所以如果哪个选项只说home或者只说work都是不对的。

Step 3:比对选项锁定答案

分析: 四个选项显然只有A项既说到了home又说到了work,所以答案选A。因为答案就在本句,所以无需看上句和下句。本句意为:随着角色的模糊,以及家庭在为职业女性做出调整方面远落后于工作场所,女性在家里感觉压力更大也就不足为奇了。

PS: 我们前面在推测中心环节大概判定这篇文章主要讲:家庭、工作、女性。现在回过头来验证答案,你会发现四个选项中也只有A项是符合这一中心的,其他三项都不够全面。

这道题让波妈想起一个故事,之前我在石家庄讲课时,遇到一个体育系的男同学。

同学: 老师,这道题我早就做对了,你选这么久干什么?

波妈: 为什么早就做对了,有那么简单吗?

同学: 老师,我觉得很简单。因为题干中working women's roles,roles用的是复数,那我在四个选项中直接找单词结尾带s的不就好了吗?roles用的是复数,肯定不止一个角色,你看其他选项一个这样的词都没有,只有A项既有bread winners 又有housewives,所以我就选了这个。

他讲完之后,当时全场对他报以热烈的掌声,我也陷入了沉思。

原则2的运用 三句为限解题

答案就在本句的解题,只要搞清楚哪个选项既符合题干又符合本句就可以。不过在真题中,往往会遇到仅靠本句无法作答的,这个时候就务必要遵循“立足本句,三句为限”的原则,需要去看本句的上下句了。经过前面的推测,我们知道25题所属的这篇文章主要讲:家庭、工作、女性。

Step 1:分析题干找关键词

25. The home front differs from the workplace in that ______.

[A] home is hardly a cozier working environment

[B] division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut

[C] household tasks are generally more motivating

[D] family labor is often adequately rewarded

位置: 本题是第5题,要么对应靠后的段落,要么就是考查全文主旨。

题干大意: home front和workplace在……方面不同。

关键信息: the home front differs from the workplace

关键词分析: 这个题干比较简单,就是一个主谓宾结构,也不包含专有名词、数字等特殊词,那关键词就是句子主干里的这几组:home front、differ from、workplace。

Step 2:回原文定位并分析

我们回原文定位,发现home front出现了两次,workplace只出现了一次。一处是第三段的尾句,这两个关键词都包含;另一处则是第五段的首句,只包含home front。

第三段:①What the study doesn't measure is whether people are still doing work when they're at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office.②For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back.③For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office.④And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with household tasks.⑤With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for working women, it's not surprising that women are more stressed at home.

第五段:①On the home front , however, people have no such clarity.②Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out.③There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them.④Your home colleagues—your family—have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they're teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all electronic devices.⑤Plus, they're your family.⑥You cannot fire your family.⑦You never really get to go home from home.

分析: 第三段的尾句在23题考查过,而且丝毫看不出任何讲这二者区别的地方,所以必然不是25题对应的本句。那就重点来看第五段的首句:On the home front, however, people have no such clarity.后半句的no such很显然是表示否定的意思,整个句子表示home front没有这种清晰度。并且本句还有一个明显表示转折的词however,和上文(这里因为是首句,上文显然在上一段)形成转折,那显然上一段说的内容是有这种清晰度的。上一段我们看到明显都在说at work的事情,这不正说明workplace是有这种清晰度,而home front没有吗?这不正可以回答题干所问的home front和workplace的不同吗?初步锁定第五段的首句就是本句,关键点就在have no such clarity。

Step 3:比对选项预判答案

分析: 四个选项比较后,你会发现A、C、D都和本句无关,而B项似乎也并不完美,因为你可能觉得本句中并没有出现division of labor。这种情况下,虽然B不算完美,但相比和本句毫无关系的其他三项,还是更有可能是答案,所以预判选B项。

Step 4:三句为限锁定答案

本句的确没有答案,那么就需要看上句和下句了,利用它们来做进一步的确认。因为上句本身是一个设题的句子,对应24题。 考研阅读绝对不可能在同一句话上设置两道题 ,那只看下句即可。下句和本句之间没有表示转折的词,语义上不存在转折,应该和本句一致。此时即便你不认识clinically and methodically也没关系,因为你会发现里面有个短语division of labor,而且seldom和下句的no such都表示否定,能形成同义替换。本题确定只能选B。第五段这两句话意为:然而在家里,人们并没有这样明确的家务分工。家务分工非常明确且安排有条不紊的家庭很少有。

当然有的同学可能会说,我看不出来seldom和no such是同义替换,还是不确定。那我们再对照原文逐一比对下选项。

通过上述分析,我们最终可以百分百确认,本题答案就是B项。这道题的核心解题句是句②:Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. 这句话本身包含了两个重要的知识点,下面简单做下补充和拓展, 以帮助大家更好理解本题。

补充 倒装句

这个核心解题句其实是 一个倒装句 ,它原本的语序应为:The household is rare,然后in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out 整个作the household的定语。之所以采用倒装,一是为了避免句子过于头重脚轻,二是为了强调倒装的部分rare。因为在倒装句中,被倒装的部分(即被提前的部分)往往是句子的重点,所以这里用倒装强调rare(很少)。

拓展 同义替换怎么找?

这句中的clinically and methodically laid out是什么意思呢?这就需要去上一句,即句①“On the home front, however, people have no such clarity.”中去找,看其中是否有同义替换。我们来比对找下这两句中的同义替换:

①On the home front, however, people have no such clarity.

②Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out.

第一步: 判断两句之间关系是否存在转折。句②和句①中间并无转折词,所以这两句话应该是顺承关系,两句中处于对应位置的词应该关系相同或相近。

第二步: 找到两句间相同的关键词。句②里的so显然只能和句①中的such是同义替换。那么such后面的部分就和so后面的部分之间形成了同义替换,即clinically and methodically laid out = clarity = clear,“不偏不倚的、方法系统的布局”说白了就是“很清楚”的意思,如下:

②Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out .

同义替换= Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clear .

第三步: 比对选项。同义替换后的句子进一步还原倒装,和B项比对如下:

同义替换 = Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clear .

还原倒装 = The household in which the division of labor is so clear is rare .(家务分工clear的家庭很rare.)

比对选项 = [B] division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut (人们在家的家务分工很少clear-cut.)

里面的seldom和rare都表示“很少”,是同义替换,clear和clear-cut都表示“明确的”,是同义替换。本题答案就是B项。

词汇加油站

clarity [ˈklærəti] n. 清楚明了;清晰易懂

clear-cut [ˌklɪə ˈkʌt] adj. 清楚的;明白无误的;显而易见的

household [ˈhaʊsh əʊld] n. 一家人;一户;家庭

adequate [ˈædɪkwət] adj. 足够的;合格的;合乎需要的

clinically [ˈklɪnɪkli] adv. 无感情地;不偏不倚地

methodically [məˈθɒdɪkli] adv. 有条理地,井然有序地

—— 小结 ——

通过这道题,大家不难看出,我们做题的时候思路至少有两种。

1.利用题干回原文定位。

这属于正向解题思维。通过找到题干关键词,回原文定位,立足本句,三句为限,只要找准核心解题句,找到与之相符的选项即可作答。对于本题,可能最后比较难的地方就是找同义替换,而这说白了还是基本功的问题——解决方法无他,唯有好好背单词,好好学语法和长难句。

2.利用选项回原文定位。

这属于逆向的解题思维。通过找出选项这种复现或同义替换原文的词,用其回原文定位,然后比对选项和原文。如果二者一致,那就是正确选项,如果二者不一致,那就说明选项不符合原文,不是正确选项。如此逐一排查错误选项后,也可以选出答案。因为是通过排除三个错误的选项,选出一个正确的选项,所以如果了解错误选项的一些常见特征,对于解题会十分有帮助。(有关错误选项的特征,波妈也会在后面单独给大家进行讲解。)

需要注意的是,实际做题时这两种思路最好结合使用,才能帮你既快又准地选出答案。

好了,通过这篇阅读理解,我们对阅读的两条基本核心原则进行了强化和巩固。大家由此也能看出,只有通过“立足本句,三句为限”,我们才可以真正去掉70%~80%的无用信息,锁定20%~30%的有用信息,提高答题的效率和准确率。

那问题又来了,当答案在“三句之内”的时候,是否还有办法能让我们更快找出核心解题句吗?当答案不在“三句之内”的时候,又是否有办法能帮助我们快速锁定20%~30%的有用信息呢?请继续开启下一节的学习。 EMaBKbwnxxW845oSIuNgx4bdm5+mtfHFoufA0EnlYGdMD4KVWVfw/vm39IWFCyFs

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