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optimal [ˈɑːptɪməl] adj. 最优的，最佳的
It provides the advantage that the body chemical reactions are at optimal levels even when the environment imposes extreme challenges.
这提供了优势：即使当环境造成极端挑战时，身体的化学反应也处在最佳水平。
The word “ optimal ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. ideal
B. common
C. significant
D. varying
incentive [ɪnˈsentɪv] n. 激励，刺激
This also facilitated a culture of shared inquiry, in which challenging texts were read aloud in groups as an incentive for debate.
这也促进了一种分享疑问的文化，在这种文化中，有难度挑战的文本在小组中被大声朗读，用以激发讨论。
The word “ incentive ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. preparation
B. motivation
C. topic
D. opportunity
critical [ˈkrɪtɪk（ə）l] adj. 至关重要的
Efficiency of transport was critical in setting the size of markets.
运输效率对于确定市场规模至关重要。
The word “ critical ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. essential
B. useful
C. desirable
D. unfavorable
estimate [ˈestɪmət] v. 估计
It is estimated that Earth formed around 4.5 billion years ago, yet life—even the simplest sort of microscopic life—did not begin right away.
据估计，地球在大约45亿年前形成，但生命——即使是最简单的微生物——在那时也未立即出现。
The word “ estimated ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. roughly calculated
B. suggested
C. assumed
D. proven beyond doubt
rudimentary [ˌruːdɪˈmentrɪ] adj. 基础的，基本的
Similarly, in captivity, many monkeys can learn to use rudimentary tools to obtain food, and they do so more quickly and accurately in the presence of a demonstrator.
同样，在圈养环境中，许多猴子可以学会使用基本工具来获取食物，而且在有示范者的情况下，它们会更快、更准确地做到这一点。
The word “ rudimentary ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. various
B. special
C. basic
D. common
simultaneously [ˌsaɪm（ə）lˈteɪnɪəslɪ] adv. 同时
Climate is influenced by many processes operating simultaneously .
影响气候的众多过程是同时产生作用的。
The word “ simultaneously ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. periodically
B. frequently
C. in similar ways
D. at the same time
facilitate [fəˈsɪlɪteɪt] v. 促进，促使
The purchase of consumer goods was greatly facilitated by installment purchasing,which allowed people to buy on credit.
分期付款让人们得以赊账购买，这极大地促进了消费。
The word “ facilitated ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. influenced
B. aided
C. increased
D. modified
distinctive [dɪˈstɪŋktɪv] adj. 独特的，有特色的
Or there might be a distinctive smell that indicated that the animals were engaged in play.
也有可能是一种特殊的气味表明了这些动物正在玩耍。
The word “ distinctive ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. characteristic
B. pleasant
C. weak
D. common
random [ˈrændəm] adj. 随机的
Sometimes there is so much apparently random variation within a single tree or species that shape seems to have little significance.
有时，在一棵树或一个物种中，随机的变化如此之多，以至于形状似乎没有多大意义。
The word “ random ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. uncontrolled
B. significant
C. clear
D. unusual
plausible [ˈplɔːzəb（ə）l] adj. 貌似合理的；可靠的
Since Anatolia did possess the necessary knowledge and skill, it seemed to be a plausible source.
由于安纳托利亚确实拥有必要的知识和技能，这似乎是一个可靠的来源。
The word “ plausible ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. reasonable
B. primary
C. certain
D. ideal
exploit [ɪkˈsplɔɪt] v. 开发，利用
Species that can tolerate the salinity and temperature changes in estuaries can exploit the area's high productivity, grow rapidly, and multiply into enormous populations.
能够承受河口盐度和温度变化的物种可以利用该地区的高生产力，快速生长，并繁殖成庞大的种群。
The word “ exploit ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. take advantage of
B. add to
C. restore
D. transform
compelling [kəmˈpelɪŋ] adj. 令人信服的，有说服力的
No doubt these animals were under stress from a changing environment, but the evidence for population reduction by early hunters is also compelling .
毫无疑问，这些动物受到环境变化的压力，但早期狩猎使得动物种群缩减的证据也是令人信服的。
The word “ compelling ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. persuasive
B. popular
C. plentiful
D. necessary
contrary [ˈkɑːntrerɪ] adj. 相反的
But if they were to make long voyages safely and regularly, sailors also needed boats they could control in contrary winds.
但是，如果水手们要安全、定期地进行长途航行，还需要能够在逆风中受控的船只。
The word “ contrary ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. constant
B. strong
C. changing
D. opposing
merely [ˈmɪrlɪ] adv. 仅仅
The notion of successive ages of stone, bronze and iron was not merely speculation but a hypothesis for which there was already some evidence.
石器、青铜器和铁器时代的更迭不仅仅是猜测，而且是一个已经拥有部分论证的假说。
The word “ merely ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. originally
B. actually
C. simply
D. usually
adjoining [əˈdʒɔɪnɪŋ] adj. 相邻的
If the continents were at one time joined, then the rocks and mountain ranges of the same age in adjoining locations on the opposite continents should closely match.
如果大陆曾经是连接的，那么对面大陆相邻位置的同时期的岩石和山脉应该是紧密匹配的。
The word “ adjoining ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. similar
B. bordering
C. specific
D. coastal
adjacent [əˈdʒeɪs（ə）nt] adj. 临近的，相邻的
The rust would physically combine and harden with adjacent stones and sand to create an extremely solid, concrete-like mass.
铁锈把相邻的石头和沙子物理结合并硬化，形成一个非常坚固的混凝土状硬块。
The word “ adjacent ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. loose
B. large
C. rough
D. nearby
ornamentation [ˌɔːrnəmenˈteɪʃ（ə）n] n. 装饰，点缀
Above and below ground, tomb layout and ornamentation followed a coordinated plan.
地上和地下，墓葬布局和装饰都遵循一种协调的设计。
The word “ ornamentation ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. construction
B. decoration
C. placement
D. size
trigger [ˈtrɪɡər] v. 触发，引起
Massive floods triggered tremendous migration, and the event may be recorded in the ancient tale of Gilgamesh.
巨大的洪水引发了大规模的迁徙，这一事件可能被记录在古老的吉尔伽美什故事中。
The word “ triggered ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. occurred at the same time as
B. stopped
C. followed
D. caused
artificial [ˌɑːrtɪˈfɪʃ（ə）l] adj. 人工的，人造的
Problem from plankton blooms and anoxic bottom water emerged after the 1950s, when artificial fertilizers came into widespread use.
20世纪50年代之后，当人造肥料开始广泛使用时，浮游生物大量繁殖和缺氧底水的问题开始出现。
The word “ artificial ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. harmful
B. various
C. modern
D. human-made
inconclusive [ˌɪnkənˈkluːsɪv] adj. 不确定的，无定论的
Thus, the fossil evidence for an advanced parental care system in extinct dinosaurs is suggestive but inconclusive .
因此，灭绝的恐龙具有先进育儿体系的化石证据具有启发性，但尚无定论。
The word “ inconclusive ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. insignificant
B. not valid
C. misleading
D. not decisive
esteem [ɪˈstiːm] v. 尊重，尊敬
It appears that these highly esteemed artisans were resettled in or near the palace,yet it also seems that the household structure of production was maintained.
看来这些受人敬重的工匠被安置在宫殿内或宫殿附近，但似乎家庭结构生产也维持了下来。
The word “ esteemed ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. trained
B. fortunate
C. respected
D. specialized
enduring [ɪnˈdʊrɪŋ] adj. 持久的
Whether attached to elite palaces or living in exclusive neighborhoods, specialized artisans required enduring and predictable links to several other areas of Aztec life.
无论是附属于精英宫殿还是生活在专属社区，专业工匠都需要与阿兹特克生活的其他领域建立持久且可预测的联系。
The word “ enduring ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. increasing
B. functional
C. lasting
D. honorable
accentuate [əkˈsentʃʊeɪt] v. 强调，使突出
The butterfly's rapid spread has been accentuated in Spain by trade in garden plants and modern transport.
园林植物的贸易和现代交通使蝴蝶在西班牙的传播更加迅猛。
The word “ accentuated ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. controlled
B. intensified
C. explained
D. restricted
justly [ˈdʒʌstlɪ] adv. 有充分根据地，正当地
China is justly famous for its silk production which probably began more than 6,000 years ago.
中国因其丝绸生产而闻名，这种工艺可能始于6 000多年前。
The word “ justly ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. rightfully
B. relatively
C. obviously
D. traditionally
freshly [ˈfreʃlɪ] adv. 新近，刚刚
Since true fresco must be painted on wet plaster, an artist can work on only a small portion of the wall where the plaster was freshly applied beforehand.
由于真正的壁画必须涂在湿灰泥上，因此艺术家只能在墙壁的一小部分上工作，也就是在刚刚涂上灰泥的地方。
The word “ freshly ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. in small quantities
B. repeatedly
C. permanently
D. newly
eventually [ɪˈventʃʊəlɪ] adv. 最终
When evaporation rates are high, sustained irrigation can generate enough salt to eventually poison crops.
当蒸发率很高时，持续灌溉会产生过量的盐分，最终毒害作物。
The word “ eventually ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. usually
B. gradually
C. clearly
D. at the end
devastate [ˈdevəsteɪt] v. 毁坏，摧毁
With every starfish's population explosion, coral reefs were devastated .
随着每一次海星数量的激增，珊瑚礁都遭到破坏。
The word “ devastated ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. left abandoned
B. less visible
C. reduced in size
D. severely damaged
hasten [ˈheɪs（ə）n] v. 加速，促进
At the very least, hunting hastened the extinction process.
至少，狩猎加速了灭绝过程。
The word “ hastened ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. started
B. speeded up
C. contributed to
D. transformed
withstand [wɪðˈstænd] v. 承受，抵住
So even rock as hard as granite cannot withstand the weathering process forever.
因此，即使像花岗岩一样坚硬的岩石也无法永远经受住风化过程。
The word “ withstand ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. continue
B. avoid
C. experience
D. resist
proficiency [prəˈfɪʃ（ə）nsɪ] n. 熟练，精通
Like the woodworker, the potter, the baker and the weaver, the lay painter offered his technical proficiency for fee.
像木工、陶匠、面包师和织工一样，业余画家也是有偿提供熟练技术服务的。
The word “ proficiency ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. help
B. skill
C. supervision
D. creation
apparent [əˈpærənt] adj. 明显的
Scientists have attempted to explain the apparent disappearance of vast amounts of plastic from the surface of the ocean.
科学家们试图解释大量塑料从海洋表面明显消失的原因。
The word “ apparent ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. rapid
B. seeming
C. continuing
D. total
submerge [səbˈmɜːrdʒ] v. 淹没，使没入水中
In one experiment scientists submerged plastic food bags for three weeks, measuring the amount of biofilm and buoyancy of the bags each week.
在一项实验中，科学家们将塑料食品袋浸入水中三周，每周测量生物膜的数量和袋子的浮力。
The word “ submerged ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. watched
B. tested
C. collected
D. put under water
surge [sɜːrdʒ] n. / v. 汹涌，涌动；激增
Liquid water at the base of glaciers acts as a temporary lubricant and allows them to surge and slide downhill.
冰川底部的液态水起到临时润滑剂的作用，使冰川发生涌动和滑坡。
The word “ surge ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. become free
B. move powerfully
C. warm up
D. break up
uniformly [ˈjuːnɪfɔːrmlɪ] adv. 一致地
It is difficult to find any uniformly satisfying answers.
很难找到任何一个令所有人满意的答案。
The word “ uniformly ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. consistently
B. logically
C. permanently
D. truly
unprecedented [ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd] adj. 前所未有的，史无前例的
Unprecedented inflation, or the price revolution, swept through Europe in the six teenth century.
史无前例的通货膨胀，或价格革命，在16世纪席卷了欧洲。
The word “ Unprecedented ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. did not end for a long time
B. caused great harm
C. occurred over a widespread area
D. had never happened before
segment [ˈseɡmənt] v. 分割，划分
By the end of the nineteenth century the walking city had metamorphosed into the sprawling, segmented city.
到19世纪末，步行城市已经变成了蔓延开的、区隔化的大城市。
The word “ segmented ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. rapidly expanding
B. densely populated
C. built up
D. divided
distribution [ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃ（ə）n] n. 分配
The impact of the Industrial Revolution would have been minimized had not the distribution of goods and services also been improved
如果商品和服务的分配没有得到改善，工业革命的影响将会降至最低。
The word “ distribution ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. marketing
B. production
C. quality
D. delivery
boosting [ˈbuːstɪŋ] n. / v. 推进，助推
Along with the processes of enclosure and technological improvement, a gradual tendency toward larger farms emerged, further boosting productivity.
随着圈地运动过程和技术进步，农场逐渐大型化的趋势出现，进一步提高了生产力。
The word “ boosting ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. influencing
B. changing
C. protecting
D. raising
advocate [ˈædvəkeɪt] v. 宣扬，提倡
Therefore, the elimination of red cedar trees was advocated to help reduce the inci dence of the disease.
因此，有人倡议灭绝红雪松来降低这种疾病的发病率。
The word “ advocated ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. ordered
B. researched
C. attempted
D. encouraged
feature [ˈfiːtʃər] n. 特点 v. 以……为特色
Tapestries often told a story. Many early tapestries were hung in churches and cathedrals; these often featured biblical scenes and were used for teaching or religious devotion.
挂毯经常讲述一个故事。许多早期的挂毯被挂在教堂和大教堂里；它们通常以圣经场景为特色，并被用于教学或宗教礼拜。
The word “ featured ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. explained
B. combined
C. presented
D. honored