[1]O′HAYRE R,BARNETT D M,PRINZ F B.The triple phase boundary[J].Journal of The Electrochemical Society,2005,152(2):A439-A444.
[2]YANG X G,ZHANG F Y,LUBAWY A L,et al.Visualization of liquid water transport in a PEFC[J].Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters,2004,7(11):119-122.
[3]CETINBAS F C,AHLUWALIA R K,KARIUKI N N,et al.Effects of porous carbon morphology,agglomerate structure and relative humidity on local oxygen transport resistance[J].Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2020,167(1):1-9.
[4]JEON D H,KIM H.Effect of compression on water transport in gas diffusion layer of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell using lattice Boltzmann method[J].Journal of Power Sources,2015,294:393-405.
[5]ZHANG F Y,YANG X G,WANG C Y.Liquid water removal from a polymer electrolyte fuel cell[J].Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2006,153(2):A225-A232.
[6]WU R,LI Y-M,CHEN R,et al.Emergence of droplets from a bundle of tubes into a microchannel gas stream:Application to the two-phase dynamics in the cathode of proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2014,75:668-684.
[7]COLOSQUI C E,CHEAH M J,KEVREKIDIS I G,et al.Droplet and slug formation in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell flow channels:The role of interfacial forces[J].Journal of Power Sources,2011,196(23):10057-10068.
[8]KUMBUR E C,SHARP K V,MENCH M M.Liquid droplet behavior and instability in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell flow channel[J].Journal of Power Sources,2006,161(1):333-345.
[9]BHAIYA M,PUTZ A,SECANELL M.Analysis of non-isothermal effects on polymer electrolyte fuel cell electrode assemblies[J].Electrochimica Acta,2014,147:294-309.
[10]XING L,LIU X,ALAJE T,et al.A two-phase flow and non-isothermal agglomerate model for a proton exchange membrane(PEM)fuel cell[J].Energy,2014,73:618-634.
[11]ZHANG G,XIE B,BAO Z,et al.Multi-phase simulation of proton exchange membrane fuel cell with 3D fine mesh flow field[J].International Journal of Energy Research,2018,42(15):4697-4709.
[12]WANG Y,WANG S,LIU S,et al.Three-dimensional simulation of a PEM fuel cell with experimentally measured through-plane gas effective diffusivity considering Knudsen diffusion and the liquid water effect in porous electrodes[J].Electrochimica Acta,2019,318:770-782.
[13]XING L,CAI Q,LIU X,et al.Anode partial flooding modelling of proton exchange membrane fuel cells:Optimisation of electrode properties and channel geometries[J].Chemical Engineering Science,2016,146:88-103.
[14]MAREK R,STRAUB J.Analysis of the evaporation coefficient and the condensation coefficient of water[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2001,44(1):39-53.
[15]ZENYUK I V,LAMIBRAC A,ELLER J,et al.Investigating evaporation in gas diffusion layers for fuel cells with X-ray computed tomography[J].The Journal of Physical Chemistry C,2016,120(50):28701-28711.
[16]WANG Q,LI B,YANG D,et al.Research progress of heat transfer inside proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J].Journal of Power Sources,2021,492:229613.1-229613.19.
[17]DOU M,HOU M,et al.Behaviors of proton exchange membrane fuel cells under oxidant starvation[J].Journal of Power Sources,2011,196(5):2759-2762.
[18]REISER C A,BREGOLI L,PATTERSON T W,et al.A Reverse-Current decay mechanism for fuel cells[J].Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters,2005,8(6):A273-A276.
[19]BARGAL M H S,ABDELKAREEM M A A,et al.Liquid cooling techniques in proton exchange membrane fuel cell stacks:A detailed survey[J].Alexandria Engineering Journal,2020,59(2):635-655.
[20]ZHANG F-Y,SPERNJAK D,PRASAD A K,et al.In situ characterization of the Catalyst Layer in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell[J].Journal of The Electrochemical Society,2007,154(11):B1152-B1157.
[21]SPRINGER,E T.Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Model[J].1991,138(8):2334-2342.
[22]WEBER A Z,NEWMAN J.Transport in polymer-electrolyte membranes[J].Journal of The Electrochemical Society,2003,150(7):A1008-A1015.
[23]ZAWODZINSKI T A,DEROUIN C,RADZINSKI S,et al.Water uptake by and transport through Nation(R)117 membranes[J].1993,140(4):1041-1047.
[24]WILLIAMS M V,BEGG E,BONVILLE L J,et al.Characterization of gas diffusion layers for PEMFC[J].Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2004,53(16):5361-5367.
[25]NITTA I,HOTTINEN T,HIMANEN O,et al.Inhomogeneous compression of PEMFC gas diffusion layer Part I.Experimental[J].Journal of Power Sources,2007,171(1):26-36.
[26]SHETZLINE J A,CREAGER S E.Quantifying electronic and ionic conductivity contributions in carbon/polyelectrolyte composite thin films[J].Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2014,161(14):H917-H923.
[27]BHAIYA M,PUTZ A,SECANEII M.A comprehensive single-phase,non-isothermal mathematical MEA model and analysis of non-isothermal effects[J].ECS Transactions,2014,64(3):567-579.
[28]WEBER A Z,NEWMAN J.Coupled thermal and water management in polymer electrolyte fuel cells[J].Journal of The Electrochemical Society,2006,153(12):A2205-A2214.
[29]BURHEIM T O S.Review:PEMFC materials’thermal conductivity and influence on internal temperature profile[J].ECS Transactions,2017,80(8):509-525.
[30]BURHEIM O S,PHAROAH J G.A review of the curious case of heat transport in polymer electrolyte fuel cells and the need for more characterisation[J].Current Opinion in Electrochemistry,2017,5(1):36-42.
[31]WANG S,LI X,WAN Z,et al.Effect of hydrophobic additive on oxygen transport in catalyst layer of proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J].Journal of Power Sources,2018,379: 338-343.
[32]BOCK R,KAROLIUSSEN H,SELAND F,et al.Measuring the thermal conductivity of membrane and porous transport layer in proton and anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers for temperature distribution modeling[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2020,45(2):1236-1254.
[33]OTSUKI Y,SHIGEMASA K,ARAKI T.Measurement of temperature difference on catalyst layer surface under rib and channel in PEFC using micro sensors[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2020,160(3):120169.1-120169.8.
[34]NISHIMURA A.In-situ measurement of in-plane temperature distribution in a single-cell polymer electrolyte fuel cell using thermograph[J].Journal of Environment and Engineering,2011,6(1):1-16.
[35]BOCK R,KAROLIUSSEN H,POLLET B G,et al.The influence of graphitization on the thermal conductivity of catalyst layers and temperature gradients in proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2020,45(2):1335-1342.
[36]BURHEIM O S,SU H,HAUGE H H,et al.Study of thermal conductivity of PEM fuel cell catalyst layers[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2014,39(17):9397-9408.
[37]MPL,BURHEIM O S,SU H,et al.Thermal conductivity and temperature profiles of the micro porous layers used for the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2013,38(20):8437-8447.
[38]ZAMEL N,LITOVSKY E,et al.Measurement of the through-plane thermal conductivity of carbon paper diffusion media for the temperature range from-50 to+120℃[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2011,36(19):12618-12625.
[39]AHADI M,ANDISHEH-TADBIR M,TAM M,et al.An improved transient plane source method for measuring thermal conductivity of thin films: Deconvoluting thermal contact resistance[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2016,96:371-380.
[40]AHADI M,TAM M,SAHA M S,et al.Thermal conductivity of catalyst layer of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: Part 1-Experimental study[J].Journal of Power Sources,2017,354:207-214.
[41]XU G,LAMANNA J M,CLEMENT J T,et al.Direct measurement of through-plane thermal conductivity of partially saturated fuel cell diffusion media[J].Journal of Power Sources,2014,256(15):212-219.
[42]CHEN L,WANG Y F,TAO W Q.Experimental study on the effect of temperature and water content on the thermal conductivity of gas diffusion layers in proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J].Thermal Science and Engineering Progress,2020,19:100616.1-100616.4.
[43]KHANDELWAL M,MENCH M M.Direct measurement of through-plane thermal conductivity and contact resistance in fuel cell materials[J].Journal of Power Sources,2006,161(2):1106-1115.
[44]BURHEIM O S,PHAROAH J G,et al.Through-plane thermal conductivity of PEMFC porous transport layers[J].Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology,2011,8(2): 021013.1-021013.11.
[45]SADEGHI E,DJILALI N,et al.Effective thermal conductivity and thermal contact resistance of gas diffusion layers in proton exchange membrane fuel cells.Part 1:Effect of compressive load[J].Journal of Power Sources,2011,196(1):246-254.
[46]WANG Y,GUNDEVIA M.Measurement of thermal conductivity and heat pipe effect in hydrophilic and hydrophobic carbon papers[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2013,60:134-142.
[47]NITTA I,HIMANEN O,MIKKOLA M.Thermal conductivity and contact resistance of compressed gas diffusion layer of PEM fuel cell[J].Fuel Cells,2008,8(2):111-119.
[48]ALHAZMI N,INGHAM D B,ISMAIL M S,et al.The through-plane thermal conductivity and the contact resistance of the components of the membrane electrode assembly and gas diffusion layer in proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J].Journal of Power Sources,2014,270:59-67.
[49]SADEGHIFAR H,DJILALI N,BAHRAMI M.Effect of polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)and micro porous layer(MPL)on thermal conductivity of fuel cell gas diffusion layers:Modeling and experiments[J].Journal of Power Sources,2014,248:632-641.
[50]BURHEIM O,VIE P J S,PHAROAH J G,et al.Ex situ measurements of through-plane thermal conductivities in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell[J].Journal of Power Sources,2010,195(1):249-256.
[51]KARIMI G,LI X,TEERTSTRA P.Measurement of through-plane effective thermal conduc tivity and contact resistance in PEM fuel cell diffusion media[J].Electrochimica Acta,2010,55(5):1619-1625.
[52]MPL,UNSWORTH G,ZAMEL N,et al.Through-plane thermal conductivity of the microporous layer in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2012,37(6):5161-5169.
[53]ZAMEL N,LITOVSKY E,SHAKHSHIR S,et al.Measurement of in-plane thermal conductivity of carbon paper diffusion media in the temperature range of-20℃to+120℃[J].Applied Energy,2011,88(9):3042-3050.
[54]TEERTSTRA P,KARIMI G,LI X.Measurement of in-plane effective thermal conductivity in PEM fuel cell diffusion media[J].Electrochimica Acta,2011,56(3):1670-1675.
[55]ALHAZMI N,ISMAIL M S,INGHAM D B,et al.The in-plane thermal conductivity and the contact resistance of the components of the membrane electrode assembly in proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J].Journal of Power Sources,2013,241:136-145.
[56]GE N,CHEVALIER S,LEE J,et al.Non-isothermal two-phase transport in a polymer electro-lyte membrane fuel cell with crack-free microporous layers[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2017,107:418-431.
[57]RAHGOSHAY S M,RANJBAR A A,RAMIAR A,et al.Thermal investigation of a PEM fuel cell with cooling flow field[J].Energy,2017,134:61-73.
[58]WU H,BERG P,et al.Non-isothermal transient modeling of water transport in PEM fuel cells[J].Journal of Power Sources,2007,165(1):232-243.
[59]WU H,et al.Modeling of PEMFC transients with finite-rate phase-transfer processes[J].Journal of The Electrochemical Society,2010,157(1):B1-B12.
[60]GOSHTASBIA.A real-time pseudo-2d bi-domain model of pem fuel cells for automotive applications[C].New York:ASME,2017.
[61]LEE S K.Temperature Measurement in Through-plane Direction in PEFC with a Fabricated Inline Thermocouple and Supporter[J].ECS Transaction,2009,25(1):495-503.
[62]LEE S K,ITO K,OHSHIMA T,et al.In situ measurement of temperature distribution across a proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J].Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters,2009,12(9):B126-B130.
[63]ZHANG G,GUO L,MA L,et al.Simultaneous measurement of current and temperature distributions in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J].Journal of Power Sources,2010,195(11):3597-3604.
[64]ZHANG G,SHEN S,GUO L,et al.Dynamic characteristics of local current densities and temperatures in proton exchange membrane fuel cells during reactant starvations[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2012,37(2):1884-1892.
[65]TANG Y Q,FANG W Z,LIN H,et al.Thin film thermocouple fabrication and its application for real-time temperature measurement inside PEMFC[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2019,141:1152-1158.
[66]LIU J X,GUO H,YUAN X M,et al.Effect of mode switching on the temperature and heat flux in a unitized regenerative fuel cell[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2019,44(30):15926-15932.
[67]ALI S T,LEBAEK J,NIELSEN L P et al.Thin film thermocouples for in situ membrane electrode assembly temperature measurements in a polybenzimidazole-based high temperature proton exchange membrane unit cell[J].Journal of Power Sources,2010,195(15):4835-4841.
[68]THOMAS A,MARANZANA G,DIDIERJEAN S,et al.Study of coupled heat and water trans fer in proton exchange membrane fuel cells by the way of internal measurements[J].Journal of Physics:Conference Series,2012,395(1):012065.1-012065.8.
[69]KREITMEIER S.Local Degradation at Membrane Defects in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells[J].Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2013,160(4):F456-F463.
[70]NISHIMURA A,KAMIYA S,OKADO T,et al.Heat and mass transfer analysis in single cell of PEFC using different PEM and GDL at higher temperature[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2019,44(56):29631-29640.
[71]KONGKANAND A,MATHIAS M F.The priority and challenge of high-power performance of low-platinum proton-exchange membrane fuel cells[J].The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters,2016,7(7):1127-1137.
[72]KUDO K,JINNOUCHI R,MORIMOTO Y.Humidity and temperature dependences of oxygen transport resistance of nafion thin film on platinum electrode[J].Electrochimica Acta,2016,209:682-690.
[73]LIU S,YUAN S,LIANG Y,et al.Engineering the catalyst layers towards enhanced local oxygen transport of Low-Pt proton exchange membrane fuel cells: Materials,designs,and methods[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2023,48(11):4389-4417.
[74]YAN W M,YANG C H,SOONG C Y,et al.Experimental studies on optimal operating conditions for different flow field designs of PEM fuel cells[J].Journal of Power Sources,2006,160(1):284-292.
[75]YAN W M,CHEN C Y,MEI S C.Effects of operating conditions on cell performance of PEM fuel cells with conventional or interdigitated flow field[J].Journal of Power Sources,2006,162(2):1157-1164.
[76]GE S H,YI B L.A mathematical model for PEMFC in different flow modes[J].Journal of Power Sources,2003,124(1):1-11.
[77]SCHOLTA J,HAUSSLER F,ZHANG W.Development of a stack having an optimized flow field structure with low cross transport effects[J].Journal of Power Sources,2006,155(1):60-65.
[78]MORIN A,XU F,GEBEL G,et al.Influence of PEMFC gas flow configuration on performance and water distribution studied by SANS:Evidence of the effect of gravity[J].Fuel and Energy Abstracts,2011,36(4):3096-3109.
[79]VALIO L,MUSTATA R,GIL M I,et al.Effect of the relative position of oxygen-hydrogen plate channels and inlets on a PEMFC[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2010,35(20):11425-11436.
[80]KUMAR A,REDDY R G.Effect of channel dimensions and shape in the flow-field distributor on the performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells[J].Journal of Power Sources.2003,113(1):11-18.
[81]AHMED D H,SUNG H J .Effects of channel geometrical configuration and shoulder width on PEMFC performance at high current density[J].Journal of Power Sources.2006,162(1):327-339.
[82]YAN W M,LI H Y,CHIU P C,et al.Effects of serpentine flow field with outlet channel contraction on cell performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J].Journal of Power Sources.2008,178(1):174-180.
[83]CHOI K S,KIM H M,MOON S M.Numerical studies on the geometrical characterization of serpentine flow-field for efficient PEMFC[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2011,36(2):1613-1627.
[84]KUO J K,YEN T H,CHEN C K.Three-dimensional numerical analysis of PEM fuel cells with straight and wave-like gas flow fields channels[J].Journal of Power Sources,2008,177(1):96-103.
[85]BUNMARK N,LIMTRAKUL R,FOWLER R W,et al.Assisted water management in a PEMFC with a modified flow field and its effect on performance[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2010,35(13):6887-6896.
[86]ROSHANDEL R,ARBABI F,MOGHADDAM G K.Simulation of an innovative flow-field design based on a bio inspired pattern for PEM fuel cells[J].Renewable Energy,2012,41(2):86-95.
[87]KHAZAEE I,GHAZIKHANI M.Performance improvement of proton exchange membrane fuel cell by using annular shaped geometry[J].Journal of Power Sources,2011,196(5):2661-2668.
[88]KHAZAEE I,GHAZIKHANI M,ESFAHANI M N.Effect of gas diffusion layer and membrane properties in an annular proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J].Applied Surface Science,2012,258(6):2141-2148.
[89]CANO-ANDRADE S,HERNANDEZ-GUERRERO A,SPAKOVSKY M,et al.Current density and polarization curves for radial flow field patterns applied to PEMFCs(Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells)[J].Energy,2010,35(2):920-927.