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Section A Exploratory Reading
Read the following sentences and figure out the relationship among the parts of a sentence.Then write the functions of the conjunctive adverbs of each sentence in the brackets.
1. a. Running may help protect against heart disease and other health problems. Running may also help you live longer.( )
b. Mrs. Obama has worked to put healthier foods in schools and urged young people to exercise. And she has partnered with large companies like Nike, which makes athletic clothing and running shoes.( )
Explanations
Conjunctive adverbs （连接副词） such as“furthermore, in addition, and, also, moreover”show that the relationship between the sentences or ideas is“ addition ”.
2. a. We all know that exercise is good for your health. But some kinds of exercise may be better than others.( )
b. Doctors have been warning for years that second-hand smoke leads to many types of illness. However, many children around the world live in areas where adults regularly smoke.( )
Explanations
Conjunctive adverbs such as“but, yet, whereas, however, nevertheless, nonetheless”show that the relationship between the sentences or ideas is“ concession or transition ”.
3. a. Researchers took 60 adults and randomly split them into three groups of 20. Then they gave the groups three different types of“listen-and-repeat”learning conditions.( )
b. The number one step is to avoid using gas generators in any enclosed environment like indoor space. The second is that we can encourage people to put small carbon monoxide detectors in their home environments.( )
Explanations
Conjunctive adverbs such as“first, to start with, in the first place, to begin with, next, then, in the second place, secondly, finally, to conclude, lastly, in conclusion”show that the relationship between the sentences or ideas is“ logic sequence ”.
4. a. During your flight, get up and walk around or stretch every so often. After you land, avoid heavy exercise near bedtime.( )
b. She has been living in the United States for the past eight years. Before that, she lived in Italy for two years.( )
Explanations
Conjunctive adverbs such as“during, after, before, since, subsequently, currently”show that the relationship between the sentences or ideas is“ time sequence ”.
5. a. The World Health Organization says people around the world are eating more sugar. As a result, it says, health problems related to weight gain and tooth damage are increasing.( )
b. Strangers are more likely to carry new bacteria than acquaintances. Hence, of available choices of toothbrush partner, a postman came off worst, and a lover best.( )
Explanations
Conjunctive adverbs such as“as a result, hence, therefore, thus, consequently, for this purpose”show that the relationship between the sentences or ideas is“ cause and effect ”.
6. a. It's one thing to understand the principle; it's another to put it into practice. Likewise, it's one thing to talk about your dreams; it's another to take actions to make it happen.( )
b. Don't tell too many jokes in your speech. Similarly, try not to talk too much about yourself or your company at the beginning of a speech.( )
Explanations
Conjunctive adverbs such as“just as, likewise, similarly, in contrast”show that the relationship between the sentences or ideas is“ similarity ”or“ dissimilarity ”.
7. a. When a company has grown and prospered and people start to sell their shares to others who want to buy them, a ＄1 share often costs more than ＄1. On the other hand, if a company is not doing very well, its shares may sell for their sated value or less than the stated value if it is doing badly.( )
b. The countryside in the south is green and lush. In contrast, the terrain in the north is dry and desert-like.( )
Explanations
Conjunctive adverbs such as“contrarily, conversely, in contrast, instead, on the other hand”show that the relationship between the sentences or ideas is“ contrast ”.
A conjunctive adverb is an adverb that connects two independent clauses. Conjunctive adverbs show cause and effect, sequence, contrast, comparison, or other relationships. They also cue the listener or reader to pay attention, because more supporting evidence is forthcoming.
Conjunctive adverbs can only be used to connect independent clauses, and are one of several methods of doing so. Conjunctive adverbs also do not exclude the possibility of having a dependent clause making a compound-complex （并列复合句） sentence. As with other types of adverbs, conjunctive adverbs may be moved within the sentence or clause they appear in.
Conjunctive adverbs can be categorized according to function. Here are some of the conjunctive adverbs and their functions.
Section B Trying Your Hand
Read the following passage and choose the correct conjunctive adverb for sentences 1)-6) according to the above explanations .
Reliability and validity are key concepts in any form of enquiry. Reliability is a measure of consistency. 1) Furthermore/For example , if a clock is sometimes fast and sometimes slow, it is unreliable. If a questionnaire produces different results for the same group of people each time it is used, then the questionnaire is unreliable.
Validity is a measure of truth. It is possible for a questionnaire to be highly reliable yet invalid, like a clock which is always ten minutes slow. 2) In contrast/In other words , a clock which is always right provides a valid and reliable measure of time. Similarly, a questionnaire that really measures what it claims to measure is a valid questionnaire. We can assess how valid our questionnaire is by comparing its results with an independent measure. 3) In addition/For instance , if we ask people how often they visit their local theatre and then check the results against ticket sales, we will know how valid our questionnaire is. 4) However/Because independent measures are often unreliable and of low validity. 5) Furthermore/ Consequently , in many cases there are no independent measures. 6) In other words/However , a“true”answer does not exist.
Answers
1.For example
2.In contrast
3.For instance
4.However
5.Furthermore
6.In other words