“蛮权力”外交具有三个特征:要求即时获益的实用理念、将经济相互依赖武器化作为交易筹码以及粗鲁的对外交往方式。“蛮权力”外交虽然是对特朗普的世界观及其治下美国对外战略的总结,但在经济全球化出现逆流和带有民粹性质的民族主义影响力日益扩大的当今世界,它又具有一定的普遍性。
特朗普当选总统后轻视欧洲盟友,在国际事务中处处以美国的即时获益为外交目标,并将欧美经济相互依赖和国际机制武器化,滥用国家安全理由,使用“长臂管辖”、次级制裁的频度和无理程度达到史无前例的地步,由此创造出一种新的权力类型——“蛮权力”。但在拜登当选美国总统后,他领导下的美国很明显在向奥巴马时代的“巧权力”外交回归。欧洲在其外交“雷达”中的亮度上升,拜登政府一方面以民主意识形态和共有价值观对欧洲盟友进行“绑定”,另一方面在经济和安全领域对欧洲“让利”,力求缓和特朗普时期的美欧矛盾。2021年3月到5月,美国与欧盟暂停双方因波音和空中客车飞机公司补贴争端而施加的进口关税4个月,暂缓征收特朗普时期强加给欧盟的75亿美元的惩罚性钢铝关税;美国国务院宣布豁免对“北溪2号”天然气管道运营公司及其负责人的制裁;五角大楼从阿富汗撤军,但却宣布增加500名驻德国美军。2021年6月拜登将当选总统后的首次出访目的地设为欧洲,连续出席英美峰会、北约峰会和欧美峰会,不断放言“美国回来了”。欧美关系很可能在民主党掌管白宫期间维持相对和谐的局面。
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[2] Frank-Walter Steinmeire,“Opening of the Munich Security Conference”, February 14, 2020, http://www.bundespraesident.de/SharedDocs/Reden/EN/Frank-Walter-Steinmeier/Reden/2020/02/200214-Munich-Security-Conference.html.
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[47] “次级制裁”指一国凭借其国际优势地位将其单边制裁转变为多边制裁的强制手段。参见杨永红《次级制裁及其反制:由美国次级制裁的立法与实践展开》,《法商研究》2019年第3期。
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[65] 2018年7月,匈牙利追随美国特朗普政府,退出联合国拟议中的《全球移民协议》,而奥地利总理库尔茨2018年10月31正式表示奥地利不加入此项协议,理由是合法移民和非法移民的界限不明确,波兰也于2018年11月表态拒绝加入此项协议。
[66] Hilary Clinton,“A National Security Reckoning”, Foreign Affairs, October, 2020.
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