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第四节
本书的立意与结构

自从1952年以纳赛尔为首的自由军官组织上台后,埃及踏上追寻独立自主的现代民族国家之路。但是经过近70年的曲折历程,埃及并未成功恢复往昔的荣光,反而陷入发展困境:民族工业孱弱,财政收入严重依赖于石油出口、侨汇等地租性行业,社会结构很不合理,社会流动受阻,贫困人口、失业人口数量始终居高不下。因此,2010年底始于突尼斯的“阿拉伯之春”犹如一丝火星,迅速点燃埃及长期积累的社会矛盾。本书以经济转型和社会结构变迁为切入点,尝试解析埃及现代化发展之路的困境,分析原因,总结经验,吸取教训,以为镜鉴。

绪论部分回顾国内外学界有关埃及经济转型与社会结构变迁的研究成果,发现既有研究往往将经济转型和社会结构变迁视为两个分离的论题,未曾深入探究埃及经济转型与社会结构的相互作用。为了厘清经济转型与社会结构变迁的关系,绪论对经济转型和社会结构的相关概念进行明确界定,并评介经典社会学之要义,评述工业化和市场化演进的现代化理论,评析重视制度主义因素的新制度主义理论,为接下来的实证分析提供理论基础。

本书分为上、下两篇。上篇分为四章,纵向考察当代埃及经济转型和经济发展,为下篇对埃及社会结构和社会流动进行多维度专题研究,奠定基础。

第一章考察埃及经济的曲折发展道路,展现经济转型历程。首先明确资本、劳动力和市场是经济发展的直接动因。再分析埃及摇摆的发展道路。阿里和纳赛尔采取国家主导经济政策,大力发展现代工业。萨达特和穆巴拉克遵循新自由主义理论,重回自由开放政策。然后从经济政策调整、经济体制转变和经济结构变化三个维度,具体讨论纳赛尔时期、萨达特时期和穆巴拉克前期、穆巴拉克中后期的经济转型。

农业是埃及经济发展的基础。但第二章分析“三农”问题后,发现人口爆炸已成为埃及经济发展的最大挑战。萨达特和穆巴拉克推翻纳赛尔的土改成果,施行市场化的农业改革,扭曲埃及农业经济,造成埃及农村两极分化严重。农民工的大规模流动也极大影响埃及农村和国民经济。埃及资本主义农业受限于资源短缺、基础设施落后、农业用地分散和土地产权不清问题而发展受阻。

工业化是埃及突破人口困境,实现经济腾飞的关键。第三章对埃及工业化的研究表明,纳赛尔时期,埃及工业大踏步前进,成功奠定埃及现代工业基础,但萨达特时期和穆巴拉克时期的埃及工业化裹足不前,甚至出现“脱实转虚”的去制造业过程。埃及工业化失败的根源是未妥善解决劳资矛盾、公私矛盾和内外矛盾这三大矛盾。

回答为什么埃及没有实现长期高速增长这一难题,需从制度性因素入手。第四章指出造成埃及近70年经济转型失败的制度性因素并非西方自由主义学者所鼓吹的集权政治体制,而是埃及落后的国家管理体制与低下的政府治理能力,具体表现为私有企业准入和运行艰难,赋税制度不合理,司法体系低效,产权界定不清,官僚机构恶性膨胀,官僚主义盛行。此外,伊斯兰极端主义思想与运动的负面影响,核心国家利用不合理的国际政治经济体系对埃及的长期剥削也是制约埃及经济转型的重要因素。

本书下篇分为五章,横向考察埃及社会结构与社会流动问题。

第五章考察经济转型背景下当代埃及社会结构的演变。依据历史唯物主义,根据生产资料占有状况(经济资源,主要体现为土地与资本)、组织资源或权力(埃及官僚的行政级别)、文化资源和职业声望,以及教育资源和技术资产,对纳赛尔执政以来埃及的社会结构进行分期研究。纳赛尔时期(1952—1970年),埃及社会结构显著优化:社会中间层占比从法鲁克王朝时期的6%上升到18%,社会下层占比从法鲁克王朝时期的93%下降到80%。大致以1990年启动的经济改革和结构调整为界,穆巴拉克中后期的埃及社会结构比萨达特时期和穆巴拉克前期明显恶化:社会中间层占比从25%下降到20%;社会中下层从25%上升到30%;社会底层从40%上升到43%。

从广大发展中国家二战以来的发展实践看,私有部门的发展是促进社会流动、缓和两极分化,从而扩大社会中间层,促进社会结构趋于合理的主要路径。然而,第六章的研究表明,穆巴拉克时期的两轮私有化虽然促进了埃及私有部门的发展,却造成私有部门发展严重失衡,这就是:政商勾结的特权使私有部门企业替代公有部门垄断国内市场,严重挤压正规私有部门中小企业的发展空间;雇员5人以下的微型私有企业与家庭企业迅猛膨胀。私有部门的这种两极分化,造成私有部门失去活力与竞争力,进而使得埃及经济失去动力与市场竞争力,也使私有部门失去了促进社会流动、优化社会结构的功效。

教育的普及和发展,是社会现代化和社会进步的重要指标,也是提高社会流动速率的主要工具。不过,第七章考察埃及教育发展后发现,与私有部门类似,埃及教育发展严重失衡。萨达特和穆巴拉克时期埃及各阶层之间教育发展的不平衡,基础教育与高等教育发展的不平衡,致使埃及教育发展对社会流动推力不足,而且造成社会中下层和社会底层人口占比不降反升。

如果说教育是促进社会流动的“软力量”,具有间接性和稳定性,那么移民则是促进个体经济收入提升,进而促进社会流动的“硬力量”,具有直接性和反复性。第八章对于埃及国际劳工移民的研究表明,虽然国际移民已经成为埃及社会流动的重要渠道,但是仍不足以成为构建埃及现代社会流动模式的主要基础,对于埃及社会结构的影响具有双重性。既提升了部分国际移民的收入和社会地位,又在一定程度上固化了农村既有社会结构。第九章研究埃及国内劳工移民、工业化与社会流动,发现纳赛尔时期埃及工业化拉动国内移民,促进了社会流动。然而,20世纪80年代以来,主要由于工业化失去动力,埃及国内移民的绝对数量增长极其缓慢,国内移民率下降,国内移民陷入财产收入和职业地位难以提升的困境,向上的社会流动受阻。因此,工业化失败造成国内移民受挫,是社会结构难以优化的直接原因。

结语“埃及社会结构、社会流动与发展困境”,提炼本书的核心观点,即埃及经济转型与发展困境决定了埃及社会流动受阻,造成两极分化的社会结构僵化、固化,甚至退化;同时,社会结构的不合理,反过来加剧埃及发展困境。破解埃及社会结构与发展困境的恶性循环,走出“鸡生蛋,蛋生鸡”的迷思,就必须超越就事论事的治理理论,从政治高度践行“发展为了人民”。


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