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六 可能的创新点

本书研究创新之处在于视角和方法创新,以及一定程度的观点创新。

从视角和方法的创新角度来看,本书采用的路径选择理论框架主要是以制度成本收益分析作为研究方法,在假定一个变量相同的情况下比较另外的变量,这种研究方法已经在学术研究中相对成型。但是,从应用较为广泛的美国学术界来看,这种成本收益分析被广泛应用于行政规则的制定和实施以及侵权责任和其他政府行政规制手段的功能比较上,其并未被用于比较分析如何在生态损害法律责任行政实施机制和司法实施机制间进行制度选择;目前的欧洲法学界也正在尝试在立法和学术研究中引入成本收益分析的法经济学研究框架,但其目前尚未被各国学者援引作为分析生态损害法律责任实施机制选择问题的理论工具。可以说,本书将路径选择理论运用于生态损害法律责任实施机制的选择问题上,不同于国外学者忽略不同法律责任实施机制而将其作为整体与政府规制等其他制度工具进行对比分析的学术传统,在研究深度和广度上更进了一步。正如前述文献综述所表明的,国内已有部分学者开始关注到了生态损害法律责任行政实施机制和司法实施机制的不同制度功效,但并未形成系统的理论分析框架,这正是本书力求实现的目标。在此意义上,本书研究体现了一种研究视角方面的边际创新。

从观点创新的角度来看,就当前学界有关生态损害法律责任实施机制的主张而言,支持司法实施机制的学者占绝对多数,仅有少数提及了行政实施机制选择的可行性和合理性。本书通过对比分析后得出的结论是,行政机制和司法机制的制度功能优势均是相对的,因此对二者进行选择可能并非“非此即彼式”的“替代性”选择,而是一种“两种不完美事物”间的“互补性”选择,并且这种互补优势可以成为融合两种法律责任实施机制的理论基础,进而可以为本书提出“第三条路径”提供相应的理论支撑。也正是在这个意义上,本书将从合作治理的视角出发,构建行政机制和司法机制在生态损害法律责任实施层面的“合作”,而非单纯地指向生态损害法律责任行政实施机制或司法实施机制。若以上思路没有问题,则相较于欧美环境法学界的既有研究成果,本书的可能创新之处有二:其一,本书在运用成本收益分析方法考察两种法律责任实施机制的实施效果时,结合中国国情,选取了一些对中国而言具有影响力的因素作为参照指标,并分析这些因素对中国路径选择的影响,以此丰富了中国的理论体系,这是本书对路径选择理论的边际贡献;其二,将法律责任理解为一种规制工具,一旦本书最终形成的结论是构建一种同时融合行政机制和司法机制的混合型实施机制,则其便是一种“合作规制”,这将成为本书的另一创新之处,有利于国家环境治理体系和环境治理能力现代化。


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[15] See Charles D.Kolstad,Thomas S.Ulen,Gary V.Johnson,“Ex Post Liability for Harm vs.Ax Ante Safety Regulation: Substitutes or Complements?”, American Economic Review ,Vol.80,No.4,1990,pp.888-901.

[16] See Patrick W.Schmitz,“On the Joint Use of Liability and Safety Regulation”, Inter national Review of Law and Economics ,Vol.20,No.3,2000,pp.371-382.

[17] See Charles D.Kolstad,Thomas S.Ulen,Gary V.Johnson,“Ex Post Liability for Harm vs.Ax Ante Safety Regulation: Substitutes or Complements?”, American Economic Review ,Vol.80,No.4,1990,pp.888-901; Patrick W.Schmitz,“On the Joint Use of Liability and Safety Regulation”, International Review of Law and Economics ,Vol.20,No.3,2000,pp.371-382.

[18] See Gerrit De Geest,Giuseppe Dari-Mattiacci,“Soft Regulation,Tough Judges”, Supreme Court Economic Review ,Vol.15,No.1,2007,pp.119-140.

[19] See Katharina Pistor,Chenggang Xu,“Incomplete Law: A Conceptual and Analytical Framework and its Application to the Evolution of Financial Market Regulation”, Journal of Inter national Law and Politics ,Vol.35,No.4,2004,pp.931-1013.

[20] See Peter S.Menell,“The Limitations of Legal Institutions For Addressing Environmental Risks”, Journal of Economic Perspectives ,Vol.5,No.3,1991,pp.93-113.

[21] See Marcel Boyer,Donatella Porrini,“The Choice of Instruments for Environmental Policy: Liability or Regulation?”,in Timothy Swanson,ed., An Introduction to the Law and E conomics of Environmental Policy : Issues in Institutional Design ,Vol.20,Elsevier Science Ltd.,2002,pp.245-268.

[22] See Christopher H.Schroeder,“Lost in the Translation: What Environmental Regulation Does That Tort Cannot Duplicate”, Washburn Law Journal ,Vol.44,No.3,2002,pp.583-606.

[23] See Robert Innes,“Enforcement Costs,Optimal Sanctions,and the Choice between Ex-post Liability and Ex-ante Regulation”, International Review of Law and Economics ,Vol.24,No.1,2004,pp.29-48.

[24] See Bharat Bhole,Jeffrey Wagner,“The Joint Use of Regulation and Strict Liability with Multidimensional Care and Uncertain Conviction”, International Review of Law and Econom ics ,Vol.28,No.2,2008,pp.123-132.

[25] See Keith Hylton,“When Should We Prefer Tort Law to Environmental Regulation?”, Washburn Law Journal ,Vol.41,No.3,2002,pp.515-534.

[26] See Virginia F.Coleman,“Possible Repercussionsof the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 on the Private Law Governing Pollution Abatement Suits”, Natural Resources Lawyer ,Vol.3,No.4,1970,pp.647 - 693; Julian C.Juergensmeyer,“Control of Air Pollution Through the Assertion of Private Rights”, Duke Law Journal ,Vol.1967,No.6,1967,pp.1126-1155; Leonard A.Miller,Doyle J.Borchers,“Private Lawsuits and Air Pollution Control”, American Bar Association Journal ,Vol.56,No.5,1970,pp.465-469.

[27] See Tom Kuhnle,“The Rebirth of Common Law Actions for Addressing Hazardous Waste Contamination”, Stanford Environmental Law Journal ,Vol.15,No.1,1996,pp.187-229.

[28] See Michael B.Hingerty,“Property Owner Liability for Environmental Contamination in California”, University of San Francisco Law Review ,Vol.22,No.1,1987,pp.31-40.

[29] See Joseph L.Sax, Defending the Environment : A Strategy for Citizen Action ,New York: Knopf,1971.

[30] See Julian C.Juergensmeyer,“Common Law Remedies and Protection of the Environment”, University of British Columbia Law Review ,Vol.6,No.1,1971,pp.215-236.

[31] See Barton H.Thompson,Jr.,“The Continuing Innovation of Citizen Enforcement”, U . Ill . L . Rev .,2000,pp.185-192.

[32] See Michael B.Hingerty,“Property Owner Liability for Environmental Contamination in California”, University of San Francisco Law Review ,Vol.22,No.1,1987,pp.31-40.

[33] See Adam D.K.Abelkop,“Tort Law as an Environmental Policy Instrument”, Oregon Law Review ,Vol.92,No.2,2014,pp.381-469.

[34] See Richard B.Stewart,“Liability for Natural Resource Injury: Beyond Tort”,in Richard L.Revesz and Richard B.Stewart eds., Analyzing Superfund : Economics Science and Law ,1995,pp.219-222.

[35] See James P.Power,“Reinvigorating Natural Resource Damage Actions through the Public Trust Doctrine”, N . Y . U Environmental Law Journal ,Vol.4,1995,pp.418-448.

[36] See Gordon J.Johnson,“Playing the Piper: Comments on Liability for Natural Resource Injury: Beyond Tort”, Alb . L . J . Sci . & Tech .,Vol.6,1996,pp.265-293.

[37] See Tom Kuhnle,“The Rebirth of Common Law Actions for Addressing Hazardous Waste Contamination”, Stanford Environmental Law Journal ,Vol.15,1996,pp.187-229.

[38] See Jason J.Czarnezki,“Shifting Science,Considered Costs,and Static Statutes: The Interpretation of Expansive Environmental Legislation”, Virginia Environmental Law Journal ,Vol.24,2006,p.434.

[39] See Keith Hylton,“When Should We Prefer Tort Law to Environmental Regulation?”, Washburn Law Journal ,Vol.41,No.3,2002,pp.515-534.

[40] See Christopher H.Schroeder,“Lost in the Translation: What Environmental Regulation Does That Tort Cannot Duplicate”, Washburn Law Journal ,Vol.44,No.3,2002,pp.583-606.

[41] 需要修正的问题包括:法院的环境科学能力不足、原被告聘请专家证人的成本高昂以及损害赔偿基金可能不被用于环境恢复等。See Jason J.Czarnezki,Mark L.Thomsen,“Advancing the Rebirth of Environmental Common Law”, Boston College Environmental A airs Law Review ,Vol.34,No.1,pp.1-35.

[42] See Alexandra B.Klass,“Common Law and Federalism in the Age of the Regulatory State”, Iowa Law Review ,Vol.92,No.2,2007,pp.545-600.

[43] See Richard A.Epstein,“From Common Law to Environmental Protection: How the Modern Environmental Movement Has Lost Its Way”, Supreme Court Economic Review ,Vol.23,No.1,2016,pp.141-167.

[44] See Tom Kuhnle,“The Rebirth of Common Law Actions for Addressing Hazardous Waste Contamination”, Stanford Environmental Law Journal ,Vol.15,1996,pp.187-229.

[45] See Kenneth S.Abraham,“The Relation Between Civil Liability and Environmental Regulation: An Analytical Overview”, Washburn Law Journal ,Vol.41,No.3,2002,pp.379-398.

[46] See Mark Latham,Victor E.Schwartz,Christopher E.Appel,“The Intersection of Tort and Environmental Law: Where the Twains Should Meet and Depart”, Fordham Law Review ,Vol.80,No.2,2011,pp.737-773.

[47] See Becker Gary S.,George J.Stigler,“Law Enforcement,Malfeasance,and the Compensation of Enforcers”, Journal of Legal Studies ,Vol.3,No.1,1974,pp.1-18.

[48] See William M.Landes,Richard A.Posner,“The Private Enforcement of Law”, Jour nal of Legal Studies ,Vol.4,No.1,1975,pp.1-46.

[49] See A.Mitchell Polinsky,“Private versus Public Enforcement of Fines”, Journal of Legal Studies ,Vol.9,No.1,1980,pp.105-127.

[50] 如美国的证券法、消费者保护法、民权法、反托拉斯法和环境法领域。See Paul D.Carrington,“The American Tradition of Private Law Enforcement”, German Law Journal ,Vol.5,No.12,2004,pp.1413-1429.

[51] See Paul D.Carrington,“The American Tradition of Private Law Enforcement”, German Law Journal ,Vol.5,No.12,2004,pp.1413-1429.

[52] See Mark A.Cohent,Paul H.Rubin,“Private Enforcement of Public Policy”, Yale Journal on Regulation ,Vol.3,No.1,1985,pp.167-193.

[53] 私法执法存在的问题包括:(1)私人行动权可能导致执法水平低下,造成司法资源的浪费,并导致对社会有益活动的过度威慑;(2)私人执法行动可能直接干扰公共执法工作,扭曲政府执法的优先事项,破坏监管机构与受监管实体之间的合作关系——这通常是实现法定目标的必要条件;(3)私人执法行动引起了对执法者民主问责的担忧,因为私人原告没有像行政官员那般受到选票的限制。See Matthew C.Stephenson,“Public Regulation of Private Enforcement: The Case for Expanding the Role of Administrative Agencies”, Virginia Law Review ,Vol.91,No.1,2005,pp.93-173.

[54] See Stephen B.Burbank,Sean Farhang&Herbert M.Kritzer,“Private Enforcement”, Lewis & Clark Law Review ,Vol.17,No.3,2013,pp.637-722.

[55] See Stephen B.Burbank,Sean Farhang&Herbert M.Kritzer,“Private Enforcement”, Lewis & Clark Law Review ,Vol.17,No.3,2013,pp.637-722.

[56] See Matthew C.Stephenson,“Public Regulation of Private Enforcement: The Case for Expanding the Role of Administrative Agencies”, Virginia Law Review ,Vol.91,No.1,2005,pp.93-173.

[57] See J.Maria Glover,“The Structural Role of Private Enforcement Mechanisms in Public Law”, William & Mary Law Review ,Vol.53,No.4,2012,pp.1137-1217.

[58] See Zachary D.Clopton,“Redundant Public-Private Enforcement”, Vanderbilt Law Review ,Vol.69,No.2,2016,pp.285-332.

[59] See Susan Rose-Ackerman,“Regulation and the Law of Torts”, The American Eco nomic Review ,Vol.81,No.2,1991,pp.54-58.

[60] See Barbara Pozzo Zanchetta,“The Liability Problem in Modern Environmental Statutes”, European Review of Private Law ,Vol.4,No.2,1996,pp.111-144.

[61] See Maria Lee,“From Private to Public: The Multiple Roles of Environmental Liability”, European Public Law ,Vol.7,No.3,2001,pp.375-397.

[62] See Mark Wilde, Civil Liability for Environmental Damage : Comparative Analysis of Law and Policy in Europe and the US ,Second edition,Zuidpoolsingel: Kluwer Law International,2013.

[63] See Robert Lee,“EU Proposals on Environmental Liability: from a Private to a Public Law Framework”, Journal of Business Law ,2003,pp.180-191.

[64] See J.Kokott,A.Klaphake,S.Marr,“Key Elements of a Liability Regime Taking into Account Ecological Damage”, Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law ,Vol.3,No.4,2005,pp.277-286.

[65] See Maria Lee,“Tort,Regulation and Environmental Liability”, Legal Studies ,Vol.22,No.1,2010,pp.33-52.

[66] See Marie-Louise Larsson, The Law of Environmental Damage : Liability and Repara tion ,Leiden: Brill,1999.

[67] See Juris Endre Stavang,“Two Challenges for the ECJ When Examining the Environmental Liability Directive”, Environmental Liability ,No.5,2010,pp.198-201.

[68] See David M Martin,“Ecological Restoration Should be Redefined for the Twenty-first Century”, The Journal of the Society for Ecological Restoration ,No.9,2016,pp.1- 6;Benjamin J.Richardson,“The Emerging Age of Ecological Restoration Law”, Review of European Community & International Environmental Law ,Vol.25,No.3,2016,pp.277-290. aBvsAdtLgE3kqpKtlxb8VsLqPJNPU8vVR+JtwHc73x3tZ6CViQWutKsRZLebB+dN

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