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小结

第二次世界战后初期,美国援助的区域重点是以欧洲为主,项目重点以经济援助为主。美国通过杜鲁门主义支援希腊、土耳其,通过马歇尔计划大规模援助西欧,通过“第四点计划”对欠发达地区进行技术援助。战后摆脱殖民统治的广大亚非拉国家面临着维护民族独立促进经济发展的重任,急需通过援助获得资金和技术,南亚的主要国家印度和巴基斯坦也不例外。为了迅速发展经济,弥补自身的资金、技术和外汇“缺口”,印度和巴基斯坦都积极争取外援,特别是美国的援助。美国于1950—1951年开始了对印巴等南亚国家的援助,主要是根据“第四点计划”提供技术援助以及具有人道主义性质的紧急粮食援助。

从NSC48/1号文件到NSC98/1号文件,充分说明了美国从全球冷战的视角来制定对南亚的政策。美国逐渐认识到南亚在遏制共产主义的亚洲链条中的重要性。随着新中国的成立和朝鲜战争的爆发和扩大,南亚的战略地位在一定程度上得以提升。美国对南亚的援助目标是采取尽可能的措施保持南亚内部安全;鼓励南亚国家的亲西方倾向而不是相反,阻止转向中立主义或苏联轨道;建立适合非共产主义政治制度发展的社会经济条件。 [149] 美国希望经济援助和技术援助可以作为促进南亚“自由、稳定和亲西方倾向”的重要工具。

1951年共同安全法,是20世纪50年代美国对外援助的法律依据,以通过向“友好国家”提供军事援助、经济和技术援助来达到“确保美国安全和促进其对外政策”的目的,体现了美国将经济援助和军事援助作为手段把受援国纳入其冷战体系的方针。

杜鲁门时期,美国对南亚这块英国的曾经殖民地开始逐渐了解,美国采取倚重英国的政策,不愿过多卷入南亚事务。尽管美国开启了战后对南亚的援助,但援助是有限的。在美国援助的全球战略棋盘上,此时的南亚并不具有优先性。


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[117] 美国第八十二届国会第一会期:《1951年共同安全法》,第165号公法,第二款,见《美国对外关系文件》(1951),第128页。转引自[美]罗伯特·沃尔特斯《美苏援助:对比分析》,陈源、范坝译,商务印书馆1974年版,第9页。

[118] Special Report on American Opinion,Prepared by the Division of Public Studies, FRUS ,1951,Vol.Ⅰ,pp.270-275.

[119] Memorandum by the Deputy Under Secretary of State(Matthews)to the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council(Lay),Washington,May 10,1951, FRUS ,1951,Vol.Ⅵ,Asia and the Pacific Part 2,p.1693.

[120] Memorandum of Conversation,by the Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern,South Asian,and African Affairs(Byroade),Washington,November 5,1952, FRUS ,1952-1954,Vol.Ⅺ,Africa and South Asia,Part 2,p.1678.

[121] The Ambassador in India(Bowels)to the Department of State,New Delhi,Oct.28,1952, FRUS ,1952-1954,Vol.Ⅺ,Africa and South Asia,Part 2,p.1670.

[122] The Ambassador in India(Bowels)to the Department of State,New Delhi,Oct.28,1952, FRUS ,1952-1954,Vol.Ⅺ,Africa and South Asia,Part 2,p.1677.

[123] Memorandum of Secretary of State George C.Marshall to President Harry S.Truman,17 July 1947.Rajendra K.Jain,ed., US - South Asian Relations 1947-1982 ,Vol.2,Radiant Publishers,1983,p.3.

[124] Statement by President Truman on the occasion of the presentation of credentials by Pakistan's first Ambassador to the United States,8 October,1947, US - South Asian Relations 1947-1982 ,Vol.2,Radiant Publishers,1983,p.4.

[125] President Truman's letter to Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan,23 November 1949, US - South Asian Relations 1947-1982 ,Vol.2,Radiant Publishers,1983,pp.24-25.

[126] Dennis Kux, The United States and Pakistan 1947-2000 Disenchanted Allies ,Baltimore and London:The Johns Hopkins University Press,2001,p.38.

[127] Message of the Charge d Affaires in Karachi,Charles W.Lewis,Jr.,to Secretary of State Marshall regarding his discussions with Finance Minister Ghulam Mohammed,2 September 1947, US - South Asian Relations 1947-1982 ,Vol.2,Radiant Publishers,1983,p.3.

[128] US Response to Pakistan's Request of $ 2 Billion for Military and Financial Aid Contained in the Latter's Memorandum of October 1947 Conveyed to Laik Ali,Special Emissary of Jinnah,by State Department officials,30 October 1947, US - South Asian Relations 1947-1982 ,Vol.2,Radiant Publishers,1983,p.6.

[129] Telegram from Acting Secretary of State to the Pakistan Ambassador M.A.H.Ispahani,17 December 1947, US - South Asian Relations 1947-1982 ,Vol.2,Radiant Publishers,1983,pp.7-8.

[130] The Chargé in India(Donovan)to the Secretary of State,New Delhi,January 26,1948, FRUS ,1948,The Near East,South Asia,and Africa,Vol.Ⅴ,Part 1,pp.495-496.

[131] “Program Operation Status Report”,Office of the Controller,of USAID/Pakistan.Rashmi Jain, US - Pak Relations 1947-1983 ,New Delhi,Radiant Publishers,1983,p.157.

[132] Memorandum by the Acting Secretary of State to the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council(Lay), FRUS ,1952-1954,Vol.Ⅺ,Africa and South Asia,Part 2,pp.1060-1061.

[133] Karl Knaus, Beginning of Bilateral Technical Aid in Pakistan Agriculture ,Foreign Agricultural Service,United States Department of Agriculture,March 1953,p.26.

[134] Karl Knaus, Beginning of Bilateral Technical Aid in Pakistan Agriculture ,Foreign Agricultural Service,United States Department of Agriculture,March 1953,pp.36-37.

[135] Memorandum by the Acting Secretary of State to the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council(Lay), FRUS ,1952-1954,Vol.Ⅺ,Africa and South Asia,Part 2,pp.1060-1061.

[136] Editorial Note,Washington,August 27,1952, FRUS ,1952-1954,Vol.Ⅺ,Part 2,p.1821.

[137] Minutes of cabinet discussion,September 9,1947,67/CF/47,NDC.Dennis Kux, The United States and Pakistan 1947-2000 Disenchanted Allies ,Baltimore and London:The Johns Hopkins University Press,2001,p.20.

[138] FRUS ,1949,Vol.Ⅵ,p.25.

[139] Memorandum by the Secretary of State to President Truman,Washington,March 11,1948, FRUS ,1948,The Near East,South Asia,and Africa,Vol.Ⅴ,Part 1,pp.496-497.

[140] Action taken by the United States on Pakistan's request of October-November 1947 and subsequent requests for military material and assistance,November 1947-May 1948, US - South Asian Relations 1947-1982 ,Vol.2,Radiant Publishers,1983,pp.9-10.

[141] FRUS ,1949,Vol.Ⅵ,p.1696.

[142] The Secretary of State to the Embassy in India,Washington,March 31,1949, FRUS ,1949,The Near East,South Asia,and Africa,Vol.Ⅵ,p.1696.

[143] The British Ambassador(Franks)to the Secretary of State,Washington,1st April 1949, FRUS ,1949,The Near East,South Asia,and Africa,Vol.Ⅵ,pp.1696-1698.

[144] Memorandum of Conversation,by Mr.Thomas W.Simons of the Office of South Asian Affairs,October 18,1951, FRUS ,1951,Vol.Ⅵ,Part 2,p.2222.

[145] Dennis Kux, The United States and Pakistan 1947-2000 Disenchanted Allies ,Baltimore and London:The Johns Hopkins University Press,2001,pp.46-49.

[146] Rashmi Jain, US - Pak Relations 1947-1983 ,New Delhi:Radiant Publishers,1983,pp.8-9.

[147] Department of State Policy Statement on Pakistan,[Washington]1 July 1951, FRUS ,1951,Asia and the Pacific,Vol.Ⅵ,Part 2,pp.2206-2216.

[148] Liaquat Ali's interview with A.T.Steele,Special Correspondent of the New York Herald Tribune,31 December 1950, US - South Asian Relations 1947-1982 ,Vol.2,Radiant Publishers,1983,p.44.

[149] Memorandum Approved by the International Security Affairs Committee:Guide Lines for Fiscal Year 1953 Foreign Aid Programs,Non-European Areas, FRUS ,1951,Vol.Ⅰ,pp.390-408. dV4RC45isW4JE5ExzpFTOUUJNvOFjciuojIYtvuiUBy6VpiYFLkcU91D7mmYYhKe

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