摘要

涵养与致知是朱子两大基本工夫论架构，被称为“鸟之双翼，车之两轮”。本书以朱子的涵养工夫为中心，通过对朱子涵养工夫的中年、中晚年、晚年三个阶段进行考察，最终对朱子涵养工夫的发展脉络和工夫地位有比较全面的了解。本书第一章对朱子48岁前心性论的建构及涵养工夫确立的过程进行了全面考察，可知工夫观点的提出与心性论的建构呈现一致性。第二章考察了朱子中年阶段对未发前涵养工夫地位、平日涵养无间断、涵养须用敬、主一即敬、敬为彻上彻下的基本观点的提出，确立了“主敬”在涵养工夫中的地位。探讨了持敬与主静、持敬与克己、诚与敬的关系，朱子依次提出“敬则无己可克”“克己就是持敬”“持敬与克己并举”的观点。朱子提出“以敬代诚”，说明了主敬是涵养工夫的第一义。在中年时期，以与湖湘学派论辩为核心，在涵养与致知、省察的关系中皆强调涵养为本、为先的地位，但也强调二者不能偏废。在此阶段，朱子知先行后、知易行难的基本成德路径形成。

第三章考察了中晚年时期朱子在对中年时期基本观点的坚持之上，对涵养工夫做了修正和补充。开始慎言“主静”，以敬消解静坐的地位。对持敬与克己，提出“敬以克己”“敬与克己须俱到”。对诚敬关系，提出不能专以敬为诚，将诚落到诚意上解释。开始注意到立志的作用。对于涵养工夫的地位，涵养与致知的关系是重点，一方面在朱陆之辩中批评陆学不重穷理，另一方面批评浙中学者有支离的问题，不重视持敬涵养，同时也自我检查。在涵养与省察的关系中，仍是以持敬为主，省察为助，开始重视省察对持敬的意义。在成德路径上提出致知后要省察，主张以致知为先，力行为重。

第四章考察了朱子晚年对心性论的进一步完善与涵养工夫的修正和完善的过程，重视气禀对心性结构的影响，强调成德的艰难，所以重视下学对成德的作用。朱子重新诠释了“克己复礼”，对持敬与克己的关系，提出二者相资相成、各有优劣的观点。对持敬与主静的关系，不以主静言敬，将静坐限制在持敬之下。对诚与敬的关系，提出二者不分先后，逐项做工夫。重视持敬与立志的关系，提出二者各有优劣，相互补充。持敬与穷理仍然是考察涵养工夫地位的重点，一方面批评陆学不知气禀之杂，不重穷理，又辨学者言识心之非，辟门人“先见天理源头”；另一方面批评浙中学者欠缺涵养工夫。对于涵养与省察的关系，提出无时不涵养无时不省察，体现出对省察的重视。在成德的路径上提出下学而上达、博学而反约、积累至贯通等观点，体现了朱子晚年对“四书”的贯通。

关键字：朱子；涵养；持敬；致知；省察；克己

Abstract

Cultivation and knowledge acquisition are the“two wings of birds and two wheels of vehicles”, which are the two basic structures of Zhu Xi's theory of effort. This paper takes Zhu Xi's cultivation effort as the center, through the investigation of Zhu Xi's three stages of life, that we can have a more comprehensive understanding of the basic context of the development and states of Zhu Xi's cultivation effort. The first chapter of this paper studyed the process of the construction of mind-nature theory and the establishment of the cultivation effort before the age of 48. It can be seen that the proposal of effort's view is consistent with the construction of mindnature theory.The second chapter proposed the basic viewpoints of Zhu Xi's cultivation effort in his middle age that are the status of cultivation effort before the mind initiate, the cultivation effort is uninterrupted, cultivation should be carried out with reverence,reverence is absorption, reverence implementation mind initiate and before, and established the status of chief effort of cultivation. During this period,he emphasized the reverence in quietly when the mind not initiate,self-restraint and rites-reversion were important contents of cultivation effort. For the relationship between reverence and primary quietly, self-restraint, sincerity.He proposed three viewpoints in turn: “if reverence is being doesn't need self-restraint”,“self-restraint is reverence”and“reverence and self-restraint are in parallel”. He proposed that“reverence replaces sincerity”, which indicated that reverence's state is cheif of cultivation effort. Because of the debated with the Huxiang School,Zhu Xi emphasized the status of cultivation was prior to introspection and also prior to knowledge acquisition, but all of them should not be neglected. In Zhu Xi's middle years old, he believed that action behind knowledge,action is more difficult than knowledge and the basic path of virtue formation is formed.

The third chapter put forward that in Zhu Xi's late middle years period, he adhered to the views of cultivation and reverence that was established in his middle age, and further revised and additions to cultivation efforts.He began to be cautious about the“Mainly quiet”of cultivation effort, eliminating the status of sedentary with reverence. For the relationship between reverence and self-restraint, he believed that“self-restraint finished with reverence”,“both of reverence and self-restraint is necessity”.For the relationship with sincerity and reverence, he believed that the effort of sincerity is not only reverence,sincerity is interpreted as sincere intention.He began to notice the role of establish ambition.Regarding the status of cultivation effort, the relationship between cultivation and knowledge acquisition is emphasis, on the one hand, he criticized Lu School not emphasized the importance of exploring principle. On the other hand, he criticized Zhe School with departure and unattached importance reverence.He also self-examination the problem of departure.With the relationship between cultivation and introspection, reverence was still the mainly effort of cultivation, introspection was auxiliary, and he began to emphasize the significance of introspection to reverence. In the path of becoming virtuous, he thought that it was necessary to make introspection after knowledge acquisition, and advocated that knowledge was ahead of action and action is harder than knowledge acquisition.

The fourth chapter proposed that Zhu Xi's further improved the mindnature theory is the same process of revision and perfection of cultivation efforts in his later years. He noticed the influence of temperament and nature, and stress the hardness of virtue carefully, so emphasizes the importance of learning to be virtuous. He revised the interpretation of“self-restraint and rites-reversion”, and he put forward the viewpoint that both of them have their own advantages and disadvantages and the two complement each other. For the relationship between reverence and primary quietly, he no longer taked primary quietly is the method of reverence, and no more limited the sedentary under reverence. He believed that sincerity and reverence in no order, and completed item by item.He noticed the relationship between reverence and establish ambition, both of them have their own advantages and disadvantages,complement with each other. The relationship between reverence and knowledge acquisition remain the focus of examining the status of conservation effort.On the one hand, he criticized Lu School ignorance of the complexity of temperament and nature, and disregard the principle of poverty. It also distinguished scholars' misunderstand the consciousness, and against to see the source of preconceptions firstly.On the other hand,he criticized the Zhe School with“separation”,because they did not attach importance to cultivation.For the relationship between cultivation and introspection,he put forward that cultivation and introspection should be carried out incessantly, that reflected the emphasis on provincial inspection.To path of virtue, he proposed the view that learning to achievement morality, being knowledgeable and back to simplicity,accumulating to breakthrough, which reflected Zhu Xi's penetration of the“Four Books”in his later years.

Keyword: Zhu Xi; Cultivation; Reverence; Knowledge acquisition;Introspection; Self-restraint