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作者简介

坤,二级研究员,博士生导师。现任中国社会科学院日本研究所党委书记、副所长。享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家,“新世纪百千万人才工程”国家级人选。主要研究领域为宏观经济与财政理论等。主持国家社会科学基金和部委课题40多项,在《中国社会科学》《经济研究》《管理世界》等学术杂志上发表论文200余篇,曾获全国第五次财政理论优秀科研成果一等奖、中国社会科学院第二届和第十届优秀科研成果、中国社会科学院优秀对策信息奖一等奖等多种奖项。

诚,经济学博士,九三学社北京市委经济专门委员会委员。现任中国社会科学院财经战略研究院副研究员。主要研究领域为制度经济、产业经济、国际经济等。主持国家社会科学基金和部委课题10余项,论文发表于《经济研究》《管理世界》《中国工业经济》《人民日报》等报刊。曾获中国社会科学院优秀信息对策奖二等奖,商务部“2018/2019年商务发展研究成果奖”论文类三等奖等多种奖项。

摘要 第七次全国人口普查数据显示:2020年中国60岁以上年龄人口占比已达到18.7%,65岁以上年龄人口占比达13.5%,均较2010年有5个百分点以上的增幅。整体上看,中国的人口老龄化具有速度快、高龄化、城乡倒置、地区不平衡、未富先老、未备先老等特征,这些对中国养老保险体系的可持续发展提出新的挑战。

面对人口老龄化快速发展且即将进入中度老龄化社会的现实国情,我们需要按照国家“十四五”规划纲要提出的发展目标,积极推进多层次养老保险体系建设方面的研究。特别要针对中国第二、第三支柱养老金发展滞后的根源寻求解决办法,通过完善税制和税收优惠政策等方式增强公众参加第二、第三支柱养老金的激励性。

美国构建了由政府、企业和个人共同支撑的三支柱养老保险体系,三支柱养老金之间相互补充、协调配合,尤其是第二、第三支柱养老金种类丰富,在世界范围内独树一帜。其中,属于第二支柱的401(k)计划影响最大。基于此,本报告以美国401(k)计划为重点,兼顾美国其他几类税收优惠型养老保险计划,研究梳理其发展历程、产生的经济社会背景、运行模式、税收支持政策等方面的特征,总结其实际效果以及存在的不足,并结合中国实际提出可供参考借鉴的经验及相关政策建议。

报告第一部分概述美国的三支柱养老金体系;第二部分分析401(k)计划的发展历程和运行特点;第三部分简单介绍401(k)计划之外的其他类型税收优惠型养老保险计划的特点,并分析其优势及不足;第四部分结合中国国情,对比中美差异,探讨美国经验的启示;第五部分在上述分析的基础上对中国养老金发展提出若干政策建议。

关键词 美国;养老保险计划;401(k);第二支柱养老金;第三支柱养老金

Abstract: The seventh national census data show that in 2020,the population over 60 years old in China has reached 18.7%,and the population over 65 years old accounted for 13.5%,both of which increased by more than 5 percentage points compared with 2010.On the whole,China's aging population has the characteristics of fast speed,aging,inversion of urban and rural areas,regional imbalance,old before rich,old before ready,and so on,which poses new challenges to the sustainable development of China's pension system.

In the face of the rapid development of population aging and the reality of a moderately aging society,we need to actively promote the research on the construction of multi-level endowment insurance system in accordance with the development goals of the national “fourteenth Five-year Plan”.In particular,it is necessary to seek solutions to the root causes of the backward development of China's second and third pillar pension,and enhance the incentives for the public to participate in the second and third pillar pension by improving the tax system and preferential tax policies.

The United States has built a three-pillar pension system jointly supported by the government,enterprises and individuals.The three pillar pensions complement and coordinate with each other,especially the second and third pillar pensions,which are unique in the world.401 (k) plans,which are part of the second pillar,have the biggest impact.Based on this,this report focuses on the 401 (k) plan in the United States,takes into account other types of tax-preferential pension insurance plans in the United States,studies and sorts out their development history,economic and social background,operation mode,tax support policies and other characteristics,and summarizes their actual effects and shortcomings.Combined with the actual situation of China,the experience for reference and relevant policy suggestions are put forward.

The first part of the report outlines America's three-pillar pension system.The second part analyzes the development and operation characteristics of 401 (k) plan.The third part simply introduces the characteristics of tax-preferential endowment insurance plans other than 401 (k) plan,and analyzes their advantages and disadvantages.The fourth part,combined with China's national conditions,compares the differences between China and The United States,and discusses the enlightenment of American experience.The fifth part puts forward some policy suggestions on China's pension development based on the above analysis.

Key words: American Pension Plan;401 (k);Second Pillar Pension;Third Pillar Pension irlY7u+Ps6V4AUtL/N9dquMTHh5JrNbVu8O+iqFQHRxWDD6zEIjEotpvLWySwhPy

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