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自2013年开始，“单独两孩”“全面两孩”和一对夫妻可以生育三个孩子的生育政策相继实施，这是我国调整人口结构、适应社会经济发展需要的重要人口调控举措。然而，生育政策调整后，实际人口出生状况并未达到预期且相距较远，而且女性在劳动市场表现的弱势地位进一步显现，女性低生育意愿和劳动力市场表现的弱势地位并存，一方面阻碍了我国生育政策调整的实施效果，另一方面也不利于女性人力资源的充分利用和发挥。因此生育和女性劳动力市场表现的矛盾是当前我国人口发展和劳动力市场运行有效性面临的关键问题。
本书以育龄期女性为研究对象，以生育对女性劳动力市场表现的影响为研究范畴，聚焦生育对女性劳动力市场表现的影响，为缓解女性生育和就业矛盾、促进职业女性理想生育意愿的实现和完善女性劳动力市场保护，提供有效的政策干预视角。本书采用理论与实证相结合的研究方法，从理论推理和实证检验两个方面，客观分析生育对女性劳动力市场表现的影响。
在理论基础部分，综合家庭分工比较优势、工作家庭边界、劳动力市场性别歧视、人力资本理论等，阐释生育对女性劳动力市场表现的影响。概而言之，生育对女性劳动力市场表现影响的形成机制是女性生育期间持续地脱离岗位，不仅带来自身人力资本积累不足，也使自身传统家庭分工角色凸显，这与用人单位或雇主的根本利益冲突，进而强化雇主或用人单位的性别歧视，加之我国目前在养育子女方面的家庭和社会支持不足，以及关于女性劳动力市场保护方面力度不够，从而使女性因生育而在劳动力市场中面临各种负面影响。
在实证检验部分，分别从女性劳动力市场参与状况、进入劳动力市场后的就业稳定性，以及劳动力市场表现结果的工资收入三个方面，检验和测量生育对女性劳动力市场表现的具体影响。从劳动参与的角度看，生育会显著阻碍女性参与劳动力市场的概率，且生育数量越多女性劳动参与概率越低，抚养0—3岁孩子使女性劳动参与概率显著下降，农村女性劳动参与概率受0—3岁孩子的负面影响更高。就业稳定性的检验结果显示，生育会提高女性就业中断风险发生的概率，但对男性影响不显著，且私营经济部门的女性就业稳定性更容易受到生育的影响。在不同收入分布水平上，生育数量每增加一个，女性工资收入将显著下降8.11%—9.28%，地区差异进一步显示，在经济较为发达的东部地区，女性面临较大的生育工资“惩罚”效应，而在经济欠发达的西部地区，女性更容易因抚养0—3岁幼儿导致收入水平下降。
可见，生育对女性劳动力市场表现产生负向影响主要是由于女性劳动力市场保护的规范性不足和幼儿托育服务不完善。本研究在梳理和总结国外劳动力市场保护和幼儿托育服务相关经验的基础上，结合我国实际国情提出如下几点建议：第一，要构建生育成本社会化分担机制；第二，反性别歧视立法需要进一步落实；第三，要关注0—3岁儿童照料，支持社会托育服务体系的发展；第四，应提供相对宽松的工作环境，帮助缓解女职工的工作—家庭冲突。
关键词： 生育；女性；劳动参与；就业稳定性；工资收入
Since 2013,the birth policies of“selective two-child”,“universal two-child”and“three-child”have been implemented successively. It is an important population control measure for China to adjust its population structure and meet the needs of social and economic development. However,after the adjustment of the birth policy,the actual birth status of the population did not meet expectations and was far apart, and the weak position of Females in the labor market was further manifested. Females' low fertility willingness and the weak position of the labor market performance coexist,which on the one hand hindered the implementation effect of China's fertility policy adjustment, and on the other hand was not conducive to the full use and exertion of Females' human resources. Therefore, the contradiction between fertility and females labor market performance is a key issue facing the current population development and the effectiveness of the labor market.
This study takes the Females of childbearing age as the research object,and studies the influence of fertility on the performance of Females' labor market. It focusses on the main reasons for the Negative influence of fertility on the females labor market,and provide an effective policy to alleviate the contradiction between Females' birth and employment,so as to promote the ideal fertility willingness of working Females and improve the protection of Females' labor market. This study adopts a research method combining theory and empirical research,and objectively analyzes the impact of fertility on Females' labor market performance from two aspects:theoretical reasoning and empirical testing.
In the theoretical foundation part, the impact of childbirth on Females' labor market performance is explained based on theories such as the comparative advantages of family division of labor, work-family boundaries, gender discrimination in the labor market, and human capital. In a nutshell,the formation mechanism of the impact of childbirth on the performance of the females labor market is that Females continue to leave their jobs during childbirth,which not only brings about insufficient accumulation of their own human capital, but also highlights their traditional roles in the division of labor in the family. These characteristics will strengthen employers' gender discrimination. In addition,inadequate family and social support for raising children and insufficient protection of the females labor market have caused Females to face various negative effects in the labor market due to childbirth.
In the empirical research part, this study examines the impact of fertility on females labor market performance from three aspects:labor participation,career stability,and wage. From the perspective of labor participation,fertility will significantly obstruct the probability of Females' participation in the labor market, and the greater the number of births, the lower the probability of Females' labor participation. The parenting responsibility of children aged 0-3 significantly reduces the probability of females labor participation,and the probability of females labor participation in rural areas is more negatively affected by parenting children aged 0-3. The results of the test of career stability show that fertility will increase the probability of females employment interruption, but the impact on men is not significant. Moreover,the career stability of Females in the private sector is more susceptible to fertility. At different wage distribution levels,for every increase in the number of births, the females wage will drop significantly by 8.11%-9.28%. Regional differences further show that in developed eastern regions,Females' wage levels will face a greater“punishment”effect, while in underdeveloped western regions, Females are more likely to have lower wage levels due to raising children aged 0-3.
Therefore,it can be seen that the negative impact of childbirth on females labor market performance is mainly due to the lack of normative protection of females labor market protection and imperfect childcare services. On the basis of summarizing the relevant experience of foreign labor market protection and childcare services,this study puts forward the following suggestions in combination with my country's actual national conditions. First, it is necessary to build a social sharing mechanism for childbirth costs;second,anti-sex discrimination legislation needs to be further implemented;third,it is necessary to pay attention to the care of children aged 0-3 and support the development of the social childcare service system;fourth,it is necessary to provide a relative relaxed working environment to help alleviate the work-family conflict of females employees.
Key Words: fertility;female;labor participation;employment stability;wage